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5. Tissues
Fichas del conjunto (128)
- 1what are tissues?cells of a similar type and group which are clustered together
- 2what are the 4 main types of tissues and what are their purposes?- epithelial = covers and lines
- connective = provides support
- muscle = enables movement
- nervous = controls work done in the body - 3what is the study of body tissues called?histology
- 4what are the functions of epithelial tissues?- protective lining
- access to surrounding environment for underlying tissues
- indication of where tissues begin/end
- filter biochemical reactions
- absorption (e.g. GI tract)
- detect changes in the environment
- secretion or excretion of substances - 5what type of epithelium secrete or excrete substances? what are the two general types of this?glandular epithelium, they can be individual (goblet cells) or organised (pancreatic glands)
- 6what is the difference between an excretion and a secretion?excretions ultimately leave the body (sweat), secretions remain in the body and are used (hormones)
- 7what are cell junctions?ways for epithelial tissues to join together
- 8where are cell junctions?between plasma membranes of adjacent cells
- 9what is the main purpose of cell junctions?allow transport of nutrients from underlying tissues, and provide an elimination route for waste
- 10what are tight junctions and where are they found?where protein molecules on tissue surfaces match exactly forming tight bonds which are difficult to break. these prevent leakage of substances so are in the stomach and bladder
- 11what are gap junctions and where are they found?gap junctions form where channel proteins in the cell membranes join allowing for selective movement of substances between cells. these are mostly found in muscles as they allow movement of things such as calcium ions needed in muscle contraction
- 12what are desmosomes and where are they found?Velcro like junctions between cells that are very strong and allow some movement so are found in movable structures like the uterus and the skin in some cases
- 13what is the basement membrane?non-living network of fibres forming a base for epithelial cells. it is a strong but elastic form connecting epithelial tissue to connective tissue meaning it cannot be torn off by intraluminal pressures
- 14how is the basement membrane formed?manufactured and laid by epithelial cells
- 15what is another name for the basement membrane?basal lamina
- 16what does the basement membrane do in terms of transport between tissues?acts as a barrier between epithelial cells and connective tissues allowing movement of gaseous nutrients and waste products from cell to blood.
- 17why is the basement membrane a thin layer?allows effective movement of substances between cells and blood
- 18why must the basement membrane be strong and elastic?allows epithelial cells not to be torn away from connective tissue by intraluminal pressure.
- 19what is an alternate name for the basement layer and what type of cell makes it?basal lamina and is lain by epithelial cells
- 20what is the formation of simple squamous epithelial tissue?single layer of cells which are disorganised.
- 21what is the purpose of simple squamous epithelial tissues and where are they commonly found?they are thin allowing easy diffusion so are found in the lungs often
- 22what is the formation of simple cuboidal epithelial tissues?single layer thick cells formation where cells are organised as cube like structures.
- 23what is the purpose of simple cuboidal epithelial tissues and where are they found?good for diffusion and secretions so are found in the kidneys
- 24what is the formation of simple columnar epithelial tissue?single layer thick cells arranged in tube like shapes making the tissue look thicker
- 25what is the purpose of simple columnar epithelial tissues and where are they found?they are used mainly for protection so are commonly found in the GI tract.
- 26what is the formation of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and why is this beneficial?the tissue is multiple layers of cells in a disorganised manner allowing damaged cells to be replaced quickly and efficiently.
- 27what is the role of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and where is it found?its main role is protection and is found in the trachea, mouth and oesophagus.
- 28what is the formation of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?multiple cell layers thick of uniform stacked cells penetrating deep layers of delicate tissues
- 29where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues found?lining glands e.g. slavary glands
- 30what is unusual about stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?they have no basement layer.
- 31what is the formation of stratified columnar tissue?multiple layers of cells which are disorganised in the lower layers, but top layer is long thin column shaped cells
- 32what is the purpose of stratified columnar epithelial tissues and where are they found?have a role in protection and secretion so are found in glands and ducts
- 33what is the formation of pseudostratified epithelial tissue?forced stratified cells interlinked with no specific order
- 34what is the purpose of pseudostratified epithelial tissues and where are they found?a lining layer found in the respiratory tarct preventing dirt of debris getting to the lungs via the cillia
- 35what is the formation of transitional epithelial tissue?no set order but are tightly packed
- 36what is the purpose of transitional epithelial tissues and where are they found?stretchy waterproof membrane used in the kidneys to prevent leakage of urine
- 37what is a gland?a group of cells which can make and discharge a secretion
- 38what is a secretion?a specialised protein formed in the endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into granules by the Golgi apparatus and discharged from the cell.
- 39where are secretions used?can be used local to producing or can be moved in the blood around the body for more distant use
- 40where are glands formed?from epithelial tissue during foetal development
- 41what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?endocrine - secretion deposited where it is needed
exocrine - secretion deposited into lymphatic or blood system to travel to where it is needed - 42what is the difference between unicellular and multicellular glands?unicellular - single cells secreting local use secretion (goblet cells)
multicellular - glandular unit usually with a duct for secretion to leave from - 43what is the difference between a simple or compound duct in a gland?simple - single unbranched duct
compound - branched main duct - 44what is the difference between tubular, alveolar and tubuloalveolar glands?-tubular - branched tubes in varying shapes
-alveolar - small round pockets, can be individual or branched
-tubuloalveolar - branched tubes with small round pockets on the ends, can be individual or multiple pockets - 45what is the difference between mucoid, serous and mixed endocrine gland secretions?mucoid - viscous and made up of glycoproteins
serous - watery secretion with a high quantity of enzymes
mixed endocrine - common features of serous and mucoid secretions found in respiratory and digestive tracts - 46what is the difference between merocrine, apocrine and holocrine gland secretion and discharge?merocrine - secretions are excreted by exocytosis into epithelial lined ducts onto a bodily surface or lumen
apocrine - multicellular glands releasing some cytoplasm in secretions (especially in sweat glands
holocrine - secretions produced in cell cytoplasm and released by rupture of plasma membrane destroying the cell and releasing the secretion into the lumen - 47what is the most abundant type of tissue in the body by mass?connective tissue
- 48what system is made exclusively of connective tissue?skeletal
- 49which system contains almost no connective tissue?neurological system
- 50where is connective tissue made and what is it made up of?derived from the mesoderm and made up of non-living extracellular matrix
- 51what is the extracellular matrix and what does it do for connective tissue?matrix surrounds and separates cells allowing the connective tissue to exist farther apart than epithelial tissues due to providing
- 52what are the 3 components of connective tissue?extracellular fibres, ground substance and cells making the extracellular matrix
- 53what are the functions of connective tissues?protection, insulation, energy reserves, support, transport, healing and defence
- 54what is ground substance made up of in the connective tissue?glycosaminoglycans, most commonly hyaluronic acid and proteins
- 55what is the purpose of ground substance in connective tissues?medium for exchange of substances, protection from microorganisms and as a cushion layer
- 56what is meant when ground substance is said to be amorphous and homogenous?amorphous - no defined state or form
homogenous - uniform compositon - 57what are collagenous fibres?thick strands of fibrils running parallel to one another and are very high tensile
- 58what do collagenous fibres look like and where are they found?white and wavy when not under pressure and are found in varying strengths and density dependant on placement. found in ligaments and tendons
- 59what are reticular fibresthin collagen branched into complicated networks
- 60what is the purpose of reticular fibres?support for highly cellular organs
- 61what are elastic fibres made of and what is their purpose?primarily made of elastin forming microfibril bundles which are coiled. used in tissues required to stretch
- 62what is an alternative name for elastic fibres?yellow fibres
- 63where are elastic fibres found?vocal chords
- 64what are fixed cells in connective tissue and what is their purpose?cells which remain in connective tissue and are involved in production and maintenance of the matrix
- 65what are transient cells and what is their role in connective tissue?cells moving in and out of connective tissue and are involved in repair and protection of connective tissue
- 66what do fibroblasts look like?large irregularly shaped cells
- 67what do fibroblasts do?manufacture and secrete fibres and ground substance as well as being highly metabolically active.
- 68what is each type of connective tissue characterised by?a predominant fibroblast
- 69where are the following fibroblasts found? 1. Chondroblasts 2. osteoblasts1. cartilage
2. bone - 70what happens to fibroblasts after the matrix is formed?the fibroblasts become fibrocytes which are less active. can revert to fibroblasts in needed
- 71give the 3 types of transient cellsleucocytes, mast cells and macrophages
- 72how and why do oedemas form?whey areolar tissue fills with fluid due to trauma or pathological problems
- 73what is adipose tissue and why does it change in size?fat cells which shrink or expand dependant on amount of fat stored or used (based on calorie consumption and energy used)
- 74what systems affect lipid breakdown?sympathetic nervous system and hormones
- 75what are lipids in adipocytes needed for?use by enzymes to break down triglycerides and transport of glycerol and fatty acids in blood
- 76where is white adipose and what is the appearance?found throughout the body, initially resemble fibroblasts as all organelles are pushed aside to allow room for lipid. cytosol is pushed to rim and surrounds lipid droplet
- 77where is brown adipose and what is its function?found in young and hibernating animals and is used as a temperature regulator
- 78what is reticular tissue made of and what is its formation?made of reticular cells and supported by reticular fibres in an irregular arrangement
- 79what is the function of reticular tissue and where is it found?gives an internal skeleton for lymphatic and haematopoietic tissues. found in liver, spleen, lymph and bone marrow
- 80what is dense regular connective tissue made up of and how is it arranged?made of tightly packed collagen fibres which lie in the direction of the force exerted on them
- 81why is dense regular connective tissue hard to heat?it is a vascular
- 82true or false: some dense regular connective tissue contains fibroblaststrue
- 83what is the purpose of dense regular connective tissue and where is it found?gives massive tensile strength in one direction and stretch resistance in direction of muscle fibres. found in tendons, ligaments and fascial sheets over muscles
- 84what is dense irregular connective tissue made of?sheets of collagen running in alternating directions
- 85what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue and where are the found?to withstand pulling forces in all directions and found in the dermis of the skin, organ capsules, joint capsules and submucosa of digestive tract.
- 86what is elastic connective tissue made of and what is its purpose?dense connective tissue made of elastic fibres allowing for stretching
- 87where is elastic connective tissue found?intervertebral space, artery walls, stomach, urinary tract, ligament suspending the penis
- 88what is hyaline cartilage made up of and what is its appearance?closely packed collagen fibres and chondrocytes in the lacunae (spaces in the matrix). they are enclosed in perichondrium and resemble blue-white frosted glass.
- 89what is the purpose of hyaline cartilage and where is it found?provide structural rigidity, cushioning and flexibility to joints. found in growth plates, cartilage in nose and trachea, costal rib cartilage and more
- 90why do growth plates look dark when x-rayed?largely made of hyaline cartilage
- 91what is elastic cartilage comprised of?elastic fibres in the firm matrix with chondrocytes in the lacunae
- 92what is the purpose of elastic cartilage and where is it found?provide flexible support, found in the pinna of the ear, auditory tubes and epiglottis
- 93what is the formation of fibrocartilage?similar to hyaline cartilage with more collagen in thicker bundles
- 94what is the purpose of fibrocartilage and where is it found?withstand compressive forces so is in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, discs in stifles and in knee and temporomandibular joint
- 95what type of connective tissue is bone made of?osseous connective tissue, the hardest in the body
- 96what is the central canal in bones allowing for vascularisation?Haversian canal
- 97what do osteoblasts do?produce new bone and minerals required to harden it
- 98what do osteoclasts do?remove unneeded bone and remove calcium for use in the blood if needed
- 99what do osteocytes look like?long cellular extensions passing through canaliculi which radiate away from lacunae.
- 100how are canaliculi and lacunae created?when osteoblasts surround themselves with a bony matrix the manufacture
- 101what are Volkmann's canals?small channels in bone from the periosteum to the Haversian canals
- 102how do Volkmann's canals enter bone?at a right angle to the bone and Haversian canal
- 103define blood plasmathe fluid matrix of blood which suspends other forms of cell
- 104when is the fibrous element of blood visible?when blood clots
- 105what is the function of blood?to carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste products from the body e.g. carrying carbon dioxide to the lungs
- 106what proteins make up muscle cells?actin and myosin
- 107what causes muscle contraction?microfilaments sliding over one another
- 108what systems in the body are affected by muscle contractions?circulation of blood, movement of the body, moving food in the digestive system etc
- 109what is meant by striated muscle?striped due to different muscle types
- 110is skeletal muscle striated?yes
- 111what do skeletal muscle cells look like?long, striped and cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei
- 112what type of movement is skeletal muscle involved in?voluntary movement
- 113where is skeletal muscle found?bone, eyeballs, skin, upper oesophagus
- 114is smooth muscle striated?no it is nonstriated
- 115what movement is smooth muscle involved in?involuntary movement
- 116what do smooth muscle cells look like?small spindle shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus
- 117where is smooth muscle found?stomach, skin, iris, exocrine glands, respiratory tract, GI tract
- 118what type of movement is cardiac muscle in control of?involuntary movement
- 119what do cardiac muscle cells look like?small cylindrical and branched with a central nucleus. cells form an intricate network connected by intercalated discs at a specialised gap junction.
- 120what is the function of cardiac muscle cells and where are the found?pump blood around vascular tissues and are only found in the heart
- 121what is nervous tissue made up of?neurons and supportive cells
- 122what is the difference between multipolar and unipolar neurones?multipolar - cell body, single long axon and many branched dendrites
unipolar - cell body and a branched axon - 123what is the function of nervous tissue?conduct electrical signals, store information, evaluate data and transmit sensory information
- 124where is nervous tissue found?brain, spinal tissue and nerves.
- 125what are the longest cells in the body and what length are they?neurons, can reach up to a metre in length.
- 126what are the three components of a neuron and what is the function of each?cell body - contains nucleus and controls metabolism
dendrites - receive impulses from other cells
axon - transmit electrical impulses - 127what is the difference between neurones and neurological cellsneurological cells don't transmit signals, they support neurones
- 128what are the most common three functions of neurological cells?isolate conductive membranes, bind neural tissues together, supply nutrients to neurons
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- level 4 VNAS 1 Fichas sobre 5. Tissues, creado por Olivia McKenzie-Allen el 29/11/2019.
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- Olivia McKenzie-Allen
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