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Lipids

travel_bug Chemistry Inglés 60 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (60)

  1. 1Lipids contain...fatty acids or a steroid nucleus
  2. 2Lipids: properties- soluble in organic solvents (eg acetone) but NOT in water
  3. 3Triacylglycerols/fatstriesters fromed between glycerol and 3 long chain fatty acids
    - solid & mostly animal fats
  4. 4waxesesters formed between saturated fatty acids and long chain alcohols
  5. 5Saturated fatty acids: properties- molecules fit closely together in a regular pattern
    - strong attractions between fatty acid chains
    - high melting points that make them solids at room temperature
  6. 6Classification of fatty acids- saturated fatty acids contain only SINGLE bonds
    - unsaturated fatty acids contain cis C=C bonds
    - trans fatty acids have trans C=C bond
  7. 7Unsaturated fatty acids: properties- have nonlinear chains that do not allow molecules to pack closely
    - have low melting points
    - are liquids at room temperature
  8. 8Prostaglandins contain...20 C atoms in their fatty acid chains, derived from arachidonic acid
  9. 9Prostaglandins are:- produced by injured tissues
    - involved in pain, fever and inflammation
    - not produced when anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin inhibit their synthesis
  10. 10Olestra is...- used in foods as an artificial fat
    - sucrose linked by ester bonds to several long-chain fatty acids
    - not broken down in the intestinal tract
  11. 11Hydrogenation converts...converts double bonds in oils to single bonds by adding hydrogen
  12. 12Hydrogenation produces...solid shortening, margarine, and other products
  13. 13HydrolysisTriacylglycerols are split into glycerol and 3 fatty acids by water in the presence of an acid, a base, or an enzyme catalyst
  14. 14Soaps are:salts of fatty acids
  15. 15SaponificationA reaction in which a tricylglycerol reacts with a strong base
  16. 16Glycerophospholipids contain...A glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acids at C1 & C2, and a phosphorylated alcohol attached at C3
  17. 17Glycerophospholipids: examples & locations- Lecithin & Cephalin
    - Abundant in brain & nerve tissues
    - Found in egg yolk, wheat germ & yeast
  18. 18Sphingolipids are:phospholipids that have an amide bond between a fatty acid and sphingosine (an 18 C alcohol)
  19. 19Glycosphingolipids containmonosaccharides bonded to the -OH of sphingosine by a glycosidic bond
  20. 20Cerebrosides containonly one monosaccharide
  21. 21Steroids are...lipids containing the steroid nucleus, which is a fused structure of four rings
  22. 22Steroids: locationfound in cholesterol, bile salts, hormones, and vitamin D
  23. 23Cholesterol is a component of...cellular membranes, myelin sheaths, and brain & nerve tissues
  24. 24Cholesterol is composed of...the steroid nucleus with methyl CH3 groups, an alkyl chain, and a hydroxyl group attached
  25. 25Sterols serve as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones such as...- sex hormones (estrogen)
    - adrenocorticoids (cortisol) which regulate immunity
    - vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
    - bile salts (glycocholate) which are required for emulsification of fats
  26. 26Sterols are transported in the blood in the form of...High density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL)
  27. 27Cholesterol is considered elevated if...plasma cholesterol exceeds 200-220mg/dL
  28. 28Cholesterol is synthesised where?In the liver and also obtained from foods
  29. 29Why are lipoproteins soluble in water?Because the surface consists of polar lipids
  30. 30How do lipoproteins differ?In density, composition, and function
  31. 31LDLs functiontransport cholesterol to tissues to be used for the synthesis of cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile salts
  32. 32Why is LDL the "bad" cholesterol?When the level of LDL exceeds the amount of cholesterol needed by the tissues, the LDLs deposit cholesterol in the arteries, which can restrict blood flow & increase the risk of heart attacks
  33. 33HDLs functionRemove excess cholesterol from the tissues and carry it to the liver where it is converted to bile salts and eliminated.
  34. 34Where are bile salts synthesised and stored?Synthesised from cholesterol
    Stored in the gall bladder
  35. 35Bile salts: functionEmulsify fats and oils to give a greater surface area for lipid digesting enzymes
  36. 36Examples of bile saltsSodium glycocholate
    Taurocholate
  37. 37Gallstones are formed when...large amounts of cholesterol accumulate in the gallbladder
  38. 38Gallstones are composed of...almost 100% cholesterol, with some calcium salts, fatty acids, and glycerophospholipids
  39. 39Adrenal Cortiscosteroids are produced...By adrenal glands located on the top of each kidney
  40. 40Examples of adrenal corticosteroids- Aldosterone which regulates electrolytes and water balance by the kidneys
    - Cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver
  41. 41Anabolic steroids are derivatives oftestosterone
  42. 42Anabolic steroids are used to...illegally increase muscle mass
  43. 43Anabolic steroids side effects- fluid retention
    - hair growth
    - sleep disturbance
    - liver damage
  44. 44What is the major dietary monounsaturated fatty acid?Oleic acid (olive oil)
  45. 45Lecithin functions- one of the major phospholipids in cell membranes
    - most commonly used food emulsifier
  46. 46Oxygenation causes what?Rancidity
  47. 47Oxygenation results in...one oxygen per pair of C
  48. 48Omega 3 exampleLinolenic acid
  49. 49Omega 6 exampleLinoleic acid
  50. 50Omega 9 exampleOleic acid
  51. 51Glycosphingolipids examples- gangliosides
    - cerebrosides
  52. 52VLDL functiontransport of endogenous triglycerides
    (bad cholesterol)
  53. 53Chylomicron functionTransport of dietary triglycerides
  54. 54Alkylosis & Acidosis: definition- blood pH outside 7.35-7.45
    - increased acidity = increased hydrogen
    - reduced acidity (more alkaline) = reduced hydrogen
    - interferes with oxygen transport
  55. 55Peptides & Polypeptides containpeptides = less than 10 amino acids
    polypeptides = more than 10
  56. 56Are steroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?Hydrophobic
  57. 57Are protein hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?hydrophilic
  58. 58Thiols can contain...disulfide bonds
    eg. keratin and casein
  59. 59Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain..two or more double bonds
  60. 60In the type O cell membrane of the red blood cell in humans, the red blood cell surface hasA trisaccharide

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Chemistry Fichas sobre Lipids, creado por travel_bug el 19/09/2013.
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travel_bug
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