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Lecture 5: Changes in ecosystems
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- 15 categories of ecosystem servicesProvisions
Support systems
Regulating services
Resilience
Cultural services - 2Instrumental vs intrinsic value- Instrumental: Monetary [e.x. ecosystem services]
- Intrinsic: Value because it exists [e.x natural capital] - 3ProvisionsGoods humans use directly
E.g. Food, lumber, medicinal plants - 4Support servicesNatural processes necessary to maintain all other ecosystem services
- indirect effect on people
E.g. nutrient cycling, 1o production - 5processSteps to convert one thing to another
- 6Regulating services- direct effect
- To control, adjust or manage
e.g. water filtration, pollination, pest control - 7ResilienceResponse to disturbance and ability to return to its original state or state of similar function
- 8What increases resilienceHigh Biodiversity = Greater Resilience
More likely to have species that have similar function - 9Cultural servicesAesthetic beauty
Recreation
Scientific research without economic benefit - 10Keystone SpeciesCrucial for maintaining community
Determine structure and function of ecosystem
Other species dependent on this species
Removal reveals vital role - 11Indicator SpeciesAbsence, presence or abundance tells about environmental conditions =
Monitoring tool - 12Endemic SpeciesHabitat is restricted, unique
Easily threatened by extinction - 13Exotic Species (Alien, Invasive, IntroducedDeliberate or accidental introduction
Cause biodiversity loss, economic loss, human health impacts
Generally free of predators - 14Species vs. landscape level effectsSpecies level
Eg. Abundance, distribution, growth
Landscape level
Eg. Productivity, sustainability, quality of good and services - 15Species toleranceRange of physical and chemical environment a species can exist in
Represents an optimal range - 16Zone of Physiological StressesZone where some can live but at reduced functioning
- 17AdaptationEvolution through natural selection
Genetic changes
Increase in fitness
Structural or behavioural - 18Acclimatizationgetting used to something not a genetic change; its one-way
- 19Allopatric vs. sympatric speciationAllo- geographic or reproductive isolation [more common]
Sym - mutation or behaviour change [less common] - 20How do species respond to ecosystem changes?Biodiversity
- a potential renewable resource
- Abrupt change can lead to loss in biodiversity - 21Background extinctionLow level extinction
Change in local condition - 22Mass extinctionCatastrophic and widespread [25% to 70% of species disappearing]
2 in earths life - 23Mass DepletionStill above the background level of extinction
<25% species disappearing
3 in earths life - 24How much have humans increased extinction rates100 to 1000 times
Correlation between Human pop. Increase and extinction rates
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- Universität (First Midterm) Environmental Biology Fichas sobre Lecture 5: Changes in ecosystems, creado por Amrit Bhogal el 14/04/2015.
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- Amrit Bhogal
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