Fichas
Vector
Fichas del conjunto (54)
- 1Extrinsic incubation Period (EIP)Time to infectioness in vector
- 2Biological vectorsCarry paths that multiply within vector and are transmitted usually by biting
- 3Mechanical vectorsPick up paths externally and transmit by physical contact; Often require interrupted feeding or short time between moving from source of infection to place of transmission
- 4Type I peritrophic matrixStomach is a chitinous sack around blood meal in the mid-gut
- 5Type II peritrophic matrixA continuous secreted tube through the midgut
- 6Coxal fluidSecreted by ticks during biting; carries paths
- 7Vector manipulation during infectiousnessProbing behaviour of infected mosquitoes altered; Lower [apyrase] in saliva = increased clotting in host; means more probing required to feed = greater chance of transmission, esp. if seeking another host to complete blood meal
- 8Mosquito borne disease
- 9Mosquito matingAdult female mates soon after emergence - swarming; sperm stored in spermathecae to fertilise multiple batches of eggs; Anopheles males may insert plug into female to prevent further mating
- 10Anopheline larval morphologyNo siphon - lie flat at water surface
- 11Stegomyia larval morphologyShorter, darker siphon, with one pair of sub-ventral tufts
- 12Culex larval morphologyLonger, narrow siphon, with more than one pair of sub-ventral tufts
- 13Mosquito pupal morphologyVery similar between sub-genera; swim but don't feed; identification mainly by rearing to adults
- 14Anopheles adultsHead down, body up when feeding; Long palps with white banding; Male palps are club shaped
- 15Culicine adultsHead down, body level when feeding; Short palps; Male palps not club shaped
- 16Temperature dependency for mosquito egg developmentDays in the topics; Weeks in temperate/arctic environments
- 17Anopheles breeding and egg layingTypically found in open, sunlit water; Single eggs with floats; Dislike concrete &/or organic pollution in breeding sites, overgrown with vegetation; LIKE temporary, small pools of water - e.g. hoof prints after rains, flooded cultivation ridges; However, An. funestus prefer dense vegetation
- 18Anopheles culcifacesMain vector in rural India and Sri Lanka; Occupies pools of stagnant water by streams/rivers - peak in dry season as water levels fall; Density dependent transmission - at low density, mainly zoophagic, so low transmission; Endophilic to easy to target with IRS
- 19Anopheles stephensiMain urban vector in India; Breeds in large man-made containers, e.g. water tanks;
- 20Anopheles dirusMajor malaria vector in forests of SE Asia; Breeds in shaded pools; Highly efficient vector of MDR Plasmodium; Loggers and hunters at risk
- 21Anopheles albimanusMalaria vector in S America; Breeds in water bodies broken with leaves of flotage; Active at night but may feed during the day; Weight of numbers vector; In dry season, can breed in brackish coastal lagoons
- 22Anopheles darlingiMajor malaria vector in Amazon; Habitats created by deforestation; streams, puddles, ponds
- 23i lovepal
- 24Larval dippingWith ladle; larval numbers per dip is a reliable measure of larval density and how well control is performing
- 25Human landing catchUsed to monitor number of bites per person, per day
- 26CDC Light TrapsBattery operated light lure; beside a bednet 1m above the ground; catches are proportional to human landing catch; Preferable method
- 27Pyrethrum spray collectionsCover all surfaces inside with sheets; Spray indoors to knock down mosquitoes for collection - good condition for dissection
- 28Exit trap collectionTo catch mosquitoes exiting from windows during the night; Mosquitoes that bite indoors but then rest outside are caught - invulnerable to IRS
- 29Pit trap collectionPit with side tunnels dug to trap outdoor resting Anopheles
- 30Animal baited trapsAnimal under a net; to catch zoophagic Anopheles
- 31Bednet collectionsSearching for mosquitoes resting indoors in the morning with a torch and pooter; only effective where the nets are untreated
- 32Measuring adult survivalPolovodova method - measuring dilations of ovaries; indicative of the number of times a femal has blood fed and become gravid; the older the female, the more likely to be infective
- 33Horses for coursesThe choice of vector control methods depends on the setting - ecology, epidemiology, programmatic conditions
- 34Adult vector controlMost important, as has disproportionally large effect on vector potential (R0 and C - survival); IRS, ITN/LLIN - standardised, no need for adaption; Robust and broadly efective
- 35Larval vector controlAffects density only; Have to target most significant vector; Only if breeding sites are FIXED, FEW & FINDABLE; Must be closely adapted to local conditions
- 36Vectorial capacity, CDaily rate of infectious bites per person; Most influenced by survival probability
- 37Sporozoite rateThe percentage of females that bear sporozoites in their salivary glands; Expressed as a percentage
- 38Pare-Taveta Scheme Intervention1954-1959; effect of IRS on malaria transmission; Massive fall in infant infection, but did not quite reach 0, so deemed a failure
- 39Increasing insecticide resistance and reduced developmentResistance is increasing, but new active compounds are not being developed; Mostly for agriculture, which is not safe for IRS; Pyrethroids (1970s) are still the best option
- 40Attacking adult vectors with ITNsInsecticide can restore effectiveness of a net with holes; Gives 2x protection vs untreated; Easier - much less insecticide (than IRS), less training, less often; Also contribute to mass effect protection
- 41Long lasting insecticides for netsCompounds can now last longer than the lifetime of the net; Can be applied as a coating or incorporated into material; Selling as second hand - can people tell if they are (still) treated?
- 42ITNs and child mortalityEven where children do not develop immunity due to exposure, there is no rebound in mortality, as long as net usage remains; However, younger children are more likely to be covered than older children
- 43ITN/LLIN vs IRSSimilar impacts on malaria; LLIN longer lasting, less logistically challenging; IRS campaigns can fail unless well planned and implemented - nets can be simply given out; IRS needs to occur once or twice per year - LLINs may last 3 years
- 44Choosing ITN/LLIN or IRSBased on feasibility and sustainability on large scale; IRS advantages against highly seasonal, unstable or epidemic malaria - extremely effective for a few months, rapid response
- 45Sandfly ovipositionEggs laid in damp sites with organic material - makes control at breeding sites difficult; 4 instars; Immature stages very rarely seen in field
- 46Adult feedingBoth sexes feed on sugar sources; Females take blood meal for ovarian development; Pool feeders; Host choice varies by species; Endo- or exo-pahgic; Have stomodeal valve to prevent bloodmeal back-flow; Bloodmeal straight to mid-gut
- 47Sandfly dispersalAre weak flyers; 'hopping' flight; low dispersion - few hundred metres; Means Leishmania tends to be focal
- 48Sandflys as human vectors2 genera are human vectors - Phlebotomus (Old world) and Lutzomyia (New world); +70 species transmit parasite
- 49Leishmania development in SandfliesSandfly egg to adult - 4 weeks; Amastigotes ingested and multiply; Procyclics develop into nectomonads escape PM and attach to mid-gut; Develop into nectomonads that reproduce; Develop haptomonads and metacyclics; Migrate to stomodeal valve
- 50Factors effecting sandfly controlZoonosis vs anthroponosis; One or many reservoirs; Resting/breeding sites scattered or concentrated; Endo or exo phagic; Endo or exo philic; Insecticide resistance
- 51Vector control of zoonotic leishmaniasis in humansIRS/ITN can be effective if sandflys are endophilic, transmission is domestic, if main reservoir is common around household; Can target the main reservoir - dogs, rodents, cows etc.
- 52Deltamethrin-impregnated nets reduce human landing rates of L. longipalpis in Amazon households>50% bites indoors; Most biting occurs when children are under nets; ITNs reduced landing rate by 80%; ITNs killed 98% flies inside houses
- 53Effect of insecticide-impregnated dog collars on incidence of zoonotic VL in Iranian childrenReduce the odds of infection by 61% in dogs and 535 in children; Collars could have a role in control and replace dog culling in some places; Effectiveness depends on importance of wild versus domesticated canids
- 54Rodent control for Sandfly controlDestroy rodent burrows - potential laying sites for sandflies
Información
- Descripción
- MSc Medical Parasitology Fichas sobre Vector, creado por tate0295 el 26/04/2015.
- Creado por
- tate0295 · abr 2015
- Actualizado
- 6 abr 2018
- Visitas
- 12
- Valoración