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chapter 2 flashcards
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- 1acidis a chemical species that donates protons or hydrogen ions and/or accepts electrons.
- 2acidicContaining a high percentage of silica; opposed to basic.
- 3antioxidantare compounds that inhibit oxidation. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals, thereby leading to chain reactions that may damage the cells of organisms.
- 4atomis the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element.
- 5atomic nucleusis the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. .
- 6atomic numberThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and also its characteristic atomic number.
- 7baseThe nucleobase of a nucleotide involved in base pairing, as of a DNA or RNA polymer.
- 8basicRelating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. Having the base in excess, or the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt.
- 9bufferare aqueous solutions that resist changes in pH, or the acidity or basicity of a solution relative to other substances.
- 10chemical bondis a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
- 11cohesionrefers to the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind, and water molecules have strong cohesive forces thanks to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another.
- 12covalent bondis a chemical link between two atoms where electron pairs are shared.
- 13dissolveto change or cause to change from a solid to a dispersed form by immersion in a fluid of suitable properties.
- 14electrona stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity.
- 15electron shellis the outside part of an atom around the atomic nucleus.
- 16elementA substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with an identical number of protons.
- 17free radicalcan build up in cells and cause damage to other molecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. This damage may increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
- 18heat of vaporizationis defined by the amount of enthalpy (heat energy) that is required to transform a liquid substance into a gas or vapor.
- 19hydrogen bondThe attraction between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and another nearby electronegative atom. intermolecular: A type of interaction between two different molecules.
- 20hydrophilicis one whose interactions with water and other polar substances are more thermodynamically favorable than their interactions with oil or other hydrophobic solvents.
- 21hydrophobicdo not dissolve easily in water, and are usually non-polar. Oils and other long hydrocarbons are hydrophobic.
- 22hydrophobic interactiondescribe the relations between water and hydrophobes (low water-soluble molecules). Hydrophobes are nonpolar molecules and usually have a long chain of carbons that do not interact with water molecules.
- 23ionA particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons. Atoms that possess a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons
- 24ionic bondA chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges. Ionic bonds form when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.
- 25isotopeeach of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.
- 26mass numberthe total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
- 27moleculeis two or more atoms bonded together to form a single chemical entity. Each atom carries a certain number of electrons that orbit around the nucleus.
- 28neutronAn elementary atomic particle that has no charge and a mass that is approximately the same as that of a proton. Neutrons are found in all atoms except the lightest isotopes of hydrogen.
- 29nonpolar covalent bondA bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair.
- 30PH scalethe logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is acidic and less than 7 is basic).
- 31polar covalent bondis a covalent bond in which the atoms have an unequal attraction for electrons and so the sharing is unequal. In a polar covalent bond, sometimes simply called a polar bond, the distribution of electrons around the molecule is no longer symmetrical.
- 32protonis a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1. Neutrons, like protons, reside in the nucleus of an atom. They have a mass of 1 and no charge.
- 33radioactiveis the spontaneous emission of radiation in the form of particles or high energy photons resulting from a nuclear reaction.
- 34solutionis a homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute molecules. A solvent is a substance that dissolves another substance by pulling the molecules apart through electrochemical interactions.
- 35solventis a molecule that has the ability to dissolve other molecules, known as solutes. A solvent can be solid, liquid or gas. Heat or another chemical process must be applied to the solution to separate the solvent and solute.
- 36specific heatis defined as the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius.
- 37surface tensionThe expression of intermolecular attraction at the surface of a liquid, in contact with air or another gas, a solid, or another immiscible liquid, tending to pull the molecules of the liquid inward from the surface.
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- Fichas sobre chapter 2 flashcards, creado por Gustavo Martínez Sánchez el 25/02/2021.
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