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- 1Define LearningA change in behavior due to experience
- 2Define Changean action becomes different
-used to define learning because the action learned may not be acquired, but just changed - 3Change v. AcquisitionChange: behavior is altered
Acquisition: new behavior is learned - 4Define BehaviorAnything a person or another animal does that can be measured
- 5Define Experiencechanges in the environment
- 6Define HabituationA reduction in the intensity or probability of a reflex response as a result of repeatedly evoking the response
- 7What is meant by measuring learning via "Errors"Look for a reduction in errors
- 8What is meant by measuring learning via "intensity"Study the measure of changes in intensity of behavior
- 9What is meant by measuring learning via "Speed"Study the change in speed with which a behavior is performed
- 10What is meant by measuring learning via "Latency"Study the time that passes before a behavior occurs
- 11What is meant by measuring learning via "Rate"Change in the rate at which a behavior occurs
-number of occurrences per unit of time - 12What is meant by measuring learning via "Fluency"Measure of learning that combines errors and rate
-number of correct responses per minute - 13Define Independent VariablesVariable the researcher manipulates
- 14Define Dependent VariableVariable that changes freely
-change in behavior - 15Define Experimental GroupGroup that experiences independent variable
- 16Define Control GroupGroup that is not given the independent variable
-Experimental group is compared to the control group - 17Define Between-Subject ExperimentIndividuals being studied are split into different groups
-some experience the independent variable and some do not
-there is a control group and experimental group - 18Define Within-Subject ExperimentAlso known as single-subject design
-the participant's behavior is studied before experimental treatment, then also observed during and after treatment - 19Criticisms of lab experimentsThe experiment would be in a lab which would mean there would be an artificially altered environment, which makes it unreasonable to believe the participant would react the same way in a natural environment
- 20Neutral Stimulusthe stimulus that has no response to it originally
- 21Unconditioned StimulusA stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
- 22Unconditioned ResponseThe reflex response elicited by an unconditional stimulus
- 23Conditioned Stimulusthe stimulus part of a conditional reflex
-the stimulus that elicits a conditional response
-originally neutral stimulus - 24Conditioned ResponseThe response part of a conditional reflex
-the response elicited by a conditional stimulus
-the same as the Unconditioned response - 25What is Higher-order Conditioning?a variation of Pavlovian Conditioning in which a neutral stimulus is paired, not with an unconditioned stimulus, but with a well-established controlled stimulus
- 26What are some examples of higher-order conditioning?1.) A male rat that responds to a sexually receptive female by increasing the level of certain hormones will respond in a similar manner to an odor that has been paired with a receptive female
-Neutral stimulus became the controlled stimulus by being paired with the odor without ever being paired with the female
2.) Carolyn and Arthur Staats Study - 27How does Carolyn and Arthur Staats (1957) Study illustrate higher-order conditioning?They studied college students by putting nonsense syllables that flashed across the screen such as YOF, LAJ, and QUG and would give words along with the letters. Positive words with YOF for group A and negative words for group B. Then Positive words for group B and negative words for group A with XEH. They then had the two groups rate the syllables on a 7 point scale of positive to negative feelings of the syllables. No Uncontrolled Stimulus was ever used
- 28Delayed Classical ConditioningCS and US overlap
-sound a buzzer for 5 seconds and send a puff of air into someone's eye during the period of the buzzer sounding - 29Simultaneous Classical ConditioningCS and US coincide exactly
-Ring a bell and blow a puff of air into someone's eye at the same moment - 30Trace Classical ConditioningCS begins and ends before the US appears
-Buzzer sounds for 5 seconds then ends and a second or so after the sound stops, a puff of air goes into a person's eye - 31Backwards Classical ConditioningCS follows the US
-A puff of air directed into a person's eye and then a buzzer sounds after - 32Define ContingencyA dependency between events
-an event may be stimulus-contingent (dependent on the appearance of a stimulus) or response-contingent (dependent on the appearance of a behavior) - 33Define Interstimulus IntervalAny of several reinforcement schedules in which a behavior is sometimes reinforced
- 34Define ContiguityNearness of events in time (temporal contiguity) or space (spatial contiguity)
- 35Define OvershadowingFailure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a control stimulus
-the stimulus is said to be overshadowed by the stimulus that does become a control stimulus - 36Define Latent InhibitionIn Pavlovian conditioning, the failure of a Conditioned response to appear as a result of prior presentation of the control stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
- 37Define Extinctionthe regular appearance of the conditioned stimulus alone - i.e. without the unconditioned stimulus
- 38Define Spontaneous RecoveryThe sudden reappearance of a behavior following its extinction
- 39Describe the Little Albert Experimenta. Little Albert was brought in when he was an infant by his mother and was tested to see if he had any fears to many stimuli. After it was discovered what he liked and did not like, they took a white rat and would hit a metal bar every time Albert would touch or come close to the rat. Eventually Albert would show discomfort because of the rat even though he showed no sign of fear originally.
- 40Define CounterconditioningThe use of Pavlovian Conditioning to reverse the unwanted effects of prior conditioning
-Typically takes the form of aversion therapy or exposure therapy - 41Define Exposure TherapyA person is gradually exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus while feeling relaxed
- 42Define Systematic DesensitizationA form of counterconditioning in which a patient imagines progressively troubling scenes while relaxed
- 43Define Virtual Reality Exposure TherapyA form of exposure therapy that relies on technology that creates simulated scenes that arouse anxiety
- 44Describe the prejudice that can be learned via classical conditioningBecause if someone sees or experiences bad things that are paired with a certain group they will have negative feelings towards them, same the opposite way
-Example: Muslims and 9/11/2001 - 45Describe the Parish, Shirazi & Lambert (1976) StudyChanged the negative feelings of white American children towards Vietnamese by pairing images of Vietnamese with positive words
-They then tried to do the same for African Americans instead of Vietnamese, but it did not work because the white children experienced more hatred training towards African Americans throughout their lives - 46Describe how a paraphilia can occur via classical conditioningPavlov did a study using a dog in which he would send an electric shock into the dog prior to giving the dog food. Soon the dog started to salivate to the shock
- 47Describe Aversion TherapyA form of counterconditioning in which a control stimulus is paired with an averse unconditioned stimulus, often a nausea-inducing drug
-Example: A Clockwork Orange - 48Describe how conditioned taste aversions occur via classical conditioningan aversion, acquired through Pavlovian conditioning, to foods with a particular flavor
-if someone ate licorice and then got the flu shortly after, they may not want to eat licorice ever again, because they will link it with the flu - 49Describe how advertisers make use of classical conditioningthey find something appealing to the group they are targeting that relates to their product and use it in the ad
-linking appealing celebrity with their product
-skinny individual with weight-loss program/product - 50Describe the Gorn (1982) Studystudied classical conditioning and advertising
-Played American music to Group A awhile showing pens and played Hindi music to Group B awhile showing pens. After the presentation the college students were offered a pen. 75% of the students in Group A took a pen shown in the presentation, awhile 25% of Group B took a pen they saw in the presentation
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- one Learning and Behavior Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por rnb16 el 12/10/2015.
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