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embedded system

Alexander Joshua Secreto embedded system 4 Inglés 116 fichas

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  1. 1Computers integrated into products, becoming hidden or unseenInvisible Computer
  2. 2describes the pervasive presence of a variety of deviceInternet of Things
  3. 3Intelligence implanted in everyday environments, making them sensitive and responsiveAmbient Intelligence
  4. 4means everywhereUbiquitous
  5. 5are a combination of hardware and software partsEmbedded systems
  6. 6Information processing systems embedded into enclosing productsEmbedded Systems
  7. 7who developed the Apollo Guidance Computer and where it developedDr. Charles Stark Draper & MIT for the Apollo Program
  8. 8Integrations of computation and physical processesCyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
  9. 9means diffused throughout every part.Pervasive
  10. 10what is The first modern, real-time embedded computing system and what yearApollo Guidance Computer & 1960
  11. 11what is the Intel released the first commercially available and what year?microprocessor unit Intel 4004 & 1971
  12. 12It converts the analog signal sent by the sensor into a digital signal.A-D Converter
  13. 13It processes the data to measure the output and store it in the memory.Processor
  14. 14It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which can be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an ADC.Sensor
  15. 15What are the basic structure of Embedded SystemSensor, A-D Converter, Processor, D-A Converter, Actuator, & Memory
  16. 16It is the storage unit of the whole system.Memory
  17. 17It converts the digital data fed by the processor to analog data.D-A Converter (DAC)
  18. 18It compares the output (from DAC) to the actual output stored in it and stores the approved output.Actuator
  19. 19What are the Characteristic of an Embedded SystemSafety, Security, Confidentiality, Availability, Reliability and Repairability
  20. 20This term refers to malfunctions of systems resulting from components not workingReliability
  21. 21It refers to not completing computations within a given time frame can result in a serious loss of the quality provided by the system or may cause harm to the userReal-time constraints
  22. 22Three types of Real-time constraintsHard, Firm, and soft Real Time
  23. 23a system designed to meet all deadlines. A missed deadline is a design flawHard Real-time
  24. 24a system designed to meet as many deadlines as possible. It will do its best effort to complete a task within specified time, but it may be late. ESoft Real-time
  25. 25a system designed to meet all deadlines, but occasional missed deadline is allowedFirm Real-time
  26. 26Two types of HierarchyBehavioral & Structural Hierarchy
  27. 27These describe how systems are composed of physical components.Structural hierarchies
  28. 28These hierarchies contain objects necessary to describe the system behavior.Behavioral hierarchies
  29. 29: Automata (states) provides a mechanism for modeling reactive systems.State-oriented behavior
  30. 30Three types of BehaviorsState-oriented behavior, Timing behavior, Exception-oriented behavior
  31. 31what are the common types of embedded systemCyber Physical, Real Time system, dedicated system, Reactive System, & Systems with a dedicated user interface
  32. 32These systems are based on the time of response in which it determines the quality of the system. It means that the computations should be executed with a given time frame.Real-time systems
  33. 33These systems execute only calculations connected with this algorithm.Dedicated systems
  34. 34These systems have a dedicated user interface including steering wheels, pedals, push buttons, small LED displays.Systems with a dedicated user interface
  35. 35These systems are combining computations with physical processesCyber-physical systems
  36. 36These systems execute when events are triggered depending on the state of a controlled object. The events are determined by signals on the system inputsReactive systems
  37. 37Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in the system's environment.Reactive
  38. 38It implies that the availability and compatibility of design and materials are needed for producing components.Heterogeneity
  39. 39is a simplified representation of something else, a physical thing or another model. It contains only the modeled entity’s traits and properties that are relevant to the job at hand.Model
  40. 405 Embedded systems must be resource-awareRun-time, Energy, Code Size, Weight, Cost
  41. 41Due to the reactive nature, mechanisms for describing events must exist. Such events may be external (caused by the environment) or internal events (caused by components of the system under design).Event handling
  42. 42Executing the specification is a means of plausibility checking.Executability
  43. 43Specifications should be captured in languages that are readable by humans and by computers.Readability
  44. 44An embedded system should be independent of specific hardware platforms so that they can be easily used for a variety of target platforms.Portability and flexibility
  45. 45An embedded system exhibits some non-functional properties, such as fault tolerance, size, extensibility, expected lifetime, power consumption, weight, disposability, user-friendliness, and others.Non-functional properties
  46. 46is a manner of accomplishing a task, especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.Technology
  47. 47the architecture of the computation engine used to implement a system’s desired functionality.Processor Technology
  48. 48It is a programmable device used in a variety of applications. It has program memory and general data path with a large register file and ALU.General-purpose
  49. 49It is a digital circuit designed to execute exactly one program. It contains only the components needed to run a single program and has no memory.Single-purpose processor
  50. 50It is a programmable processor optimized for a particular class of applications having common characteristics.Application-specific processors
  51. 51how a digital (gate-level) implementation is mapped onto an IC. It differs in its customization to a design consisting of numerous layers.IC technology
  52. 52All layers are optimized for an embedded system’s particular digital implementation. It has both placing & sizing transistors and routing wires.Full-custom/VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration)
  53. 53Lower layers are fully or partially built. Designers are left with the routing of wires and maybe placing some blocksSemi-custom ASIC (Gate Array and Standard Cell)
  54. 54Lower layers are fully or partially built. Designers are left with the routing of wires and maybe placing some blocks.PLD (Programmable Logic Device)
  55. 55the manner that converts the concept of desired system functionality into implementation.Design technology
  56. 56It automates the exploration and insertion of implemented details for levels.Compilation/Synthesis
  57. 57It incorporates pre-designed implementation from lower abstraction into a higher level.Libraries
  58. 58It ensures correct functionality at each level, thus reducing costly iterations.Test/Verification
  59. 59is the process of gaining a deeper understanding of a system through imitation. Models imitate the system and reflect the properties of the system.Modeling
  60. 60is the structured creation of artifacts. It specifies how a system does what it does.Design
  61. 61is the process of gaining a deeper understanding of a system through dissection. It specifies why a system does what it does (or fails to do what a model says it should).analysis
  62. 62is the process of generating the description of a system in terms of related lower-level components from some high-level description of the expected behavior.Synthesis
  63. 63complements analysis. Simulators can analyze circuits, particularly nonlinear circuits, much more accurately than we can do by hand.Simulation
  64. 64helps us ensure that the boundaries between the computer and thePrototyping
  65. 65three possible approaches for designing complex embedded systems:Bottom-up methodology, Top-down methodology, Meet-in-the-middle methodology
  66. 66It is based on creating parts of a product before assembling the whole creation. This methodology starts from small components until large systems.Bottom-up methodology
  67. 67The system-level synthesis produces a structure of the system where each component has defined parameters and metrics. This methodology starts from the abstract up to the most detailed description.Top-down methodology
  68. 68Its goal is to eliminate the drawbacks and efficiently use the benefits of two previous methods.Meet-in-the-middle methodology
  69. 694 Common MetricsNRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost), Size, Performance, Power
  70. 70It is the one-time monetary cost of designing the system.NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost)
  71. 71It is the physical space required by the system.Size
  72. 72It is the execution time or throughput of the system.Performance
  73. 73It is the amount of energy consumed by the system. It involves power consumption.Power
  74. 744 Typical Design Constraints (Sengupta, 2019)Low Cost, Low Energy Consumption, Limited Memory, Real-Time Response
  75. 75A sophisticated processor can increase the cost of the system.Low Cost
  76. 76Many embedded systems operate on batteries.Low Energy Consumption,
  77. 77typically constrained to a finite and small amount of storage space.Limited Memory
  78. 78Systems are used for controlling equipment generating response within the specified time.Real-Time Response
  79. 79is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms the source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (normally binary format).Compiler
  80. 80If the compiled program can run on a computer having a different CPU or operating system than the computer on which the compiler collected the program.Cross-Compiler
  81. 81A program that can translate a program from a low-level language to a high-level language.Decompiler
  82. 82A program that translates programs written in different high-level languages is normally called a language translator, source to source translator, or language converter.Language Converter
  83. 83is a program that takes basic computer instructions (called assembly language) and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.Assemblers
  84. 84This is a critical tool for testing. It goes through the code and eliminates bugs and errors, notifying places where they occur.Debugger
  85. 85Code is tested for the MCU / system by simulating it on the host computer used for code developmentSimulators
  86. 86It is a replication of the target system with identical functionality and components.Emulator
  87. 87contains the embedded software development tools needed to create your embedded software.Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
  88. 88is the process of identifying, modeling, and documenting how data moves around an information system.Data flow modeling
  89. 89is specified by a directed graph where the nodes (vertices), called actors, represent computations and the arcs represent communication channels.data flow program
  90. 90These include procedures, processes, functions, finite state machines, and other peripherals.Components
  91. 91These protocols describe methods for communication between components.Communication protocols
  92. 922 Models of CommunicationsShared memory and Message passing
  93. 93It refers to the access to shared memory unless it is restricted. (Stallings, 2018)Shared memory
  94. 94It can be implemented easily even if no common memory is available.Message passing
  95. 95The components communicate by sending messages through channels that buffer the messages. Example: e-mail sending.Asynchronous message passing (non-blocking communication)
  96. 96The available components communicate atomically. The component reaching the point of contact first must wait until the partner has also got its point of communication. Example: Meetings or phone calls.Synchronous message passing (blocking communication)
  97. 97The sender can continue only after an acknowledgment has been received from the recipient. The recipient does not have to send this acknowledgment immediately after receiving the message but can do some preliminary checking before actually sending the acknowledgment.Extended rendezvous invocation (remote invocation)
  98. 98It describes the mechanism assumed for performing computations and distinguishes the calculations performed in the components and communication.Computation Model
  99. 99It reflects on how data flows from one component to the otherData Flow Models
  100. 100It is the probability that the system is available.Availability
  101. 101It is the probability that a failing system can be repaired within a certain time.Repairability
  102. 102The information can only be accessed by the intended recipients.Confidentiality
  103. 103It is the state of being ‘safe’, the condition of being protected from harm or other non desirable outcomes”.Safety
  104. 104A system is secure if it is protected against harm caused by attacks originating from outside the system.Security
  105. 105must be dependable.Cyber-physical and IoT systems
  106. 106Electronic information processing uses electrical energy for information processing. For embedded systems, the availability of electrical power and energy is a deciding factor.Energy
  107. 107Embedded systems should exploit the available hardware architecture. It implies optimization of execution times in processes and avoidance of wasting process cycles.Run-time
  108. 108There may be constraints on the storage capacity of the system.Code Size
  109. 109All portable systems must be lightweight.Weight
  110. 110A minimum amount of resources should be used for implementing the required functionality.Cost
  111. 111Real-life systems are distributed, concurrent systems composed of components.Concurrency
  112. 112It is the ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring high NRE costs.Flexibility
  113. 113Expertise with both software and hardware is needed to optimize design metrics.A trade-off in Design Metrics
  114. 114It is a compromise between general-purpose and single purpose processors. It has program memory, optimized data path, and special functional units.Application-specific processors
  115. 115It is the ability to modify the system after its initial release.Maintainability
  116. 116—

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4 embedded system Fichas sobre embedded system, creado por Alexander Joshua Secreto el 22/08/2025.
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Alexander Joshua Secreto · ago 2025
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