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Arthropoda

Mia Lybkær Kronborg Nielsen Structure and Function of Marine Invertebrates Bachelors Inglés 35 fichas

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  1. 1Defining characteristics- Exoskeleton: produced by epidermis in segment that are jointed and hardened
    - loss of motile cilia in adult and larvae
  2. 2Exoskeleton: function- protection (like mollusc shell)
    - locomotory skeleton
  3. 3Exoskeleton: productionthree layers:
    - epicuticle: the outer protein and lipid layer
    - Exocuticle and Endocuticle: together called the procuticle and is hardened and has deposition of chitin and calcium carbonate
    - underneath the procuticle is the basement membrane
  4. 4Exoskeleton: function of the epicuticle- the outermost layer
    - made up of protein and lipids
    - largely impermeable to water and gasses
  5. 5Exoskeleton: what is chitin and were is it found- found in the procuticle
    - structural compound, that is strong and biodegradable
  6. 6Exoskeleton: the joints- not hardened, needs to be flexible for movement
    - antagonistic muscles on different segments of a same limb articulate these segments
  7. 7Exoskeleton: what problem does this structure impose on the animal?The exoskeleton covers the whole body of the animal and is a hardened structure that does not grow in size as the animal age. Therefore, in order to grow the animal has to molt (shed its current exoskeleton)
  8. 8Ecdysis: How does it work- X-organ: neuro-secretory cells; produce molt-inhibiting hormones; found in eyestalk
    - Y-organ: produce ecdysteroid hormones, that induces ecdysis; initiated when MIH levels lowers
  9. 9Ecdysis: Reabsorbtion of cuticleThe animal secretes enzymes that break down the old endocuticle and some soluble components of this are stored in the calcium gastroliths in the stomach wall
    OBS: when shedding largely old epicuticle left
  10. 10Ecdysis: How does the animal break free from old cuticle?They swallow water which diffuses from the intestine to the blood, and the blood volume increases. This causes the old cuticle to split
  11. 11Ecdysis: How is new epicuticle formed?- New epicuticle stretched by increased volume of animal´s body
    - inorganic salt are re-deposited in new endocuticle
    - deposition of new salts and chitin, plus scleotization (or tanning)
  12. 12Ecdysis: What is sclerotization or tanning?The formation of the cross-linked protein chains that make up the procuticle
  13. 13What are the three phases of molting called, and what happens during each?- pre-molting
    - inter-molt: no exoskeleton, and animal can grow
    - post-molt
    OBS: animal is continually increasing bodymass, but can only grow in inter-molting phase
  14. 14What is metamerism?The division of an animal´s body into a repetition of similar parts,or "somites".
    - Not separate coelomic spaces in each segment as seen in annelids
    - can be fused into functional groups called tagmata
  15. 15What are tagmatization or tagmosis?The fusion of different body somites, or segments, for a specialized function.
    - e.g. Head, thorax and abdomen (many insects), or cephalothorax and abdomen (many decapoda)
  16. 16The compound eyeMade up of multiple lenses, that breaks the image up, such that each ommatidium (little eye) samples only small part of image
    - provides wide visual field
  17. 17Neurons and muscle fibers- many neurons innervate single muscle fiber
    - each neuron can innervate many fibers (unlike vertebrates)
    - strenght of contraction depends on number and type of neurons fired (inhibitory or stimulatory)
    - mainly striated muscle fibers (contract more rapidly)
  18. 18Circulatory system- Open
    - blood enters heart from hemocoel through perforations called ostia
  19. 19Excretion: Malpighian tubulesBlind tubular evagination of gut that lie in haemocoel, that actively secretes waste from blood into gut and out.
    E.g. in centiped, insect, arachnids
  20. 20Excretory system: SacculesPaired blind sac that lie within the haemocoel and is open to the outside via ducts.
    Lie adjacent to an appendage (e.g. antennal glands in lobsters).
    Wall of Saccules composed of podocytes.
    E.g. in Crustaceans (but ammonia is also excreted via gills).
  21. 21Class Crustacea: Defining characteristics- Head with 5 pairs of appendages (2 pairs of antennae, 2 maxillae, 1 mandible)
    - Nauplius: triangular larva in the development
  22. 22Class Crustacea, Subclass Malacostraca: Defining characteristics- Thorax with 8 segments ( 5 pairs of pereopods, 3 pairs of maxillipeds)
    - Abdomen with 6-7 segments with pleiopods plus a telson
    - Appendages (i.e. uropods) on last abdominal segment (i.e. telson) flattened to form a tail
  23. 23Class Crustacea, Subclass Malacostraca: Defining characteristics- Thorax with 8 segments (5 pereopods, 3 maxillipeds)
    - abdomen with 6-7 segments (pleiopods)
    - telson
    - flattened appendages on last abdominal segment (tail), unless it is curled up
  24. 24Class Crustacea, Subclass Malacostraca: Cheliped structure- apodeme = inner skeleton (cartilagenous)
    - dactylus and articulary dactylus controlled by a hinge
    - propodus = where dactylus is attached
  25. 25Class Crustacea, Subclass Malacostraca: Foraging in snapping shrimpThey use the snap to communicate and stun prey
    The snap is produced when the air bubble, trapped by the large chelas when they close, burst (the chela produce a very high pressure on the air bubble)
  26. 26Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: Defining characteristics- highly modified for attachment on hard substrat (some for parasitic lifestyle)
    - thoracic limbs modified as filtering cirri
    - no abdominal segments
    - example: Balanus sp.
  27. 27Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: Feeding strategyIt is a suspension feeder:
    - feeds on planktonic organisms suspended in water and has modifications helping it to strain out the food particles
  28. 28Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: Exoskeleton- most species secrete calciumcarbonate shell
    - offers protection from predation, powerful wave action etc.
    - the apical plates (scutum and tergum) are articulated and can open when feeding and close for protection
  29. 29Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: Body segments- head is reduced
    - antennae reduced or absent
    - no abdomen
    - thoracic limbs modified as filtering cirri, each with numerous setae
  30. 30Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: Habitats- wave-sheltered inlets and bays
    - wave-exposed headlands
  31. 31Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: How do they adjust feeding behavior and morphology to the water flow?- high velocity: passive suspension feeding, shortening legs (cirri)
    - low velocity: active suspension feeding, lenghtening legs (cirri)
    - oscillating flow: turn cirri according to flow velocity and direction
  32. 32Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: Why is active stroke in same direction as current?The recovery stroke creates a vortex that drags particles inside the cirral fan.
    The forward stroke works by "dragging" new particles forward
  33. 33Class Crustacea, Subclass Cirrepedia: Passive suspension feedingDepends on the water velocity. When the velocity is high enough particles will flow through the cirral fan rather than over it,due to the high Re value (inertial forces/viscous forces)
  34. 34Describe the green crabs foraging strategy- what are the trends for mussel lenght and breaking time
    - what are the trends for mussel lenght and eating time
  35. 35Why do the crabs not eat only the predicted mussel size?The model did not include many of the factors that are in the nature, fx searching time, predation risk, food availability

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Bachelors Structure and Function of Marine Invertebrates Fichas sobre Arthropoda, creado por Mia Lybkær Kronborg Nielsen el 17/11/2015.
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