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- 1allusionwhen a text or speaker refers to a saying, idea etc. outside the text or conversation
- 2ameliorationwhen a word develops a more positive meaning over time
- 3archaisman old-fashioned word or phrase that isn't used in PDE e.g. forsooth
- 4babblingthe production of short vowel/consonant combinations by a baby acquiring language
- 5back-formationin word formation, back-formation occurs when it looks like a suffix has been added to an existing base form to create a new word, but in fact the suffix has been removed to create a new term
- 6bidialectismthe ability of speakers to switch between two dialect forms, the most common being between standard english and a speaker's regional identity
- 7behaviourisma theory of language acquisition that suggests children learn language through a process of imitation and reinforcement
- 8blendingwhen parts of two words come together to form a new word
- 9borrowingwhen words from one language fall into common usage into another as a result of contact
- 10broadeningwhen a word that has quite a specific meaning becomes more general over time (called generalisation - expansion or extension)
- 11child-directed speech (CDS)The way that caregivers talk to children - usually in simplified and/or exaggerated language
- 12clippingwhen a shortened version of a word becomes a word in its own right e.g. demo, phone
- 13cluster reductionwhen a child only pronounces one consonant from a consonant cluster
- 14cognitive theorya theory of language acquisition that suggests children need to have developed certain mental abilities before they can acquire language
- 15contractiona word thats formed by shortening and combining two or more words e.g. can't, might've
- 16cooingthe earliest sounds children are able to make as they experiment with moving their lips and tongue
- 17critical period hypothesisa theory popularised by Lenneberg (1967) which states that if a child does not have any linguistic interaction before the ages of 5-6, their language development will be severely limited.
- 18deletionwhen a child misses out consonants in words, e.g. saying sto instead of stop
- 19descriptivismthe attitude that no use of language is incorrect and that variation should be acknowledged and recorded rather than corrected
- 20diphthongtwo vowel sounds that are joined together to form one sound, e.g. the a in late is a diphthong as it starts with an /e/ phoneme and finishes on an /I/
- 21fricativea group of consonant sounds in english produced by forcing air through a restricted passage (between the lips or teeth) e.g. f,v,s,z, j sounds and sh sounds
- 22holophrasein language acquisition, a single word that expresses a complete idea e.g. ball, which could mean the child wants it, or has found it etc. Caregivers need contextual clues to interpret holophrases
- 23internalisationwhen a child learning language starts to apply one of the language's rules consistently, even to words they've never seen before
- 24Language acquisition device (LAD)The innate ability of children acquiring language to take in and use the grammatical rules of the language they hear, according to Chomsky (1965)
- 25Language acquisition support system (LASS)the system of support from caregivers to children that helps them to acquire language and become sociable, according to Bruner (1983)
- 26lingua francaa lang. used for communication between speakers who don't have the same native language
- 27narrowingwhen a word that has a general meaning becomes more specific over time
- 28omissionwhen sounds are left out from words. if a lot of speakers do this over a prolonged period of time, the sound can end up being lost altogether
- 29orthographythe writing system of a language - how the language is represented through symbols (letters) and spelling
- 30overextensionwhen a child acquiring language uses a word too generally to refer to different but related things, e.g. calling everything with four legs a dog
- 31pejorationwhen a word develops a more negative meaning over time
- 32phonemic contractionwhen a baby stops making certain sounds, and just makes the sounds it hears from the language its caregivers use. This happens at about 10 months
- 33phonemic expansionWhen a baby starts to make lots of different sounds in the babbling stage. This occurs before phonemic contraction
- 34plosivea consonant sounds in English produced by completely stopping the flow of air from the lungs and then releasing it. P,b,t,d,k and g
- 35prescriptivismthe attitude that language should have a strict set of rules that must be obeyed in speech and writing
- 36proto-worda combo of sounds that a child uses that actually contains meaning, rather than just being a random utterance like cooing or babbling
- 37simplificationwhen a child learning to speak drops consonants or consonant clusters to make words easier to pronounce, or swaps the consonants for others that are easier to say
- 38standardisationthe process by which grammarians and prescriptivists attempted to structure and influence English usage according to what they believed constituted 'correct' or 'incorrect' usage of the language
- 39telegraphic stagethe stage of language acquisition at which children begin to create three- or four-word utterances containing mainly subjects, verbs, objects and complements
- 40th-frontingwhen a speaker replaces th-sounds with f or v e.g. think as fink and them as vem
- 41under extensionwhen a child uses words in a very restricted way e.g. using a word like hat to refer only to the one the child is wearing, not to other hats too
- 42Zone of proximal developmentVygotsky's (1978) theory that when caregivers help children with verbal responses, they provide a model that the child can copy and apply when they're in other situations
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Claire Cotter el 03/06/2016.
- Creado por
- Claire Cotter · jun 2016
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- 7 abr 2018
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