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- 1EstimationThe process of inferring an unknown quantity of a population using sample data.
- 2ParameterA quantity describing a population
- 3PopulationAll the individual units of interest
- 4SampleSubset of units taken from the population.
- 5Sampling errorThe difference between an estimate and the population parameter being estimated caused by chance.
- 6BiasA systematic discrepancy between the estimates we would obtain, if we could sample a population again and again, and the true population characteristic.
- 7Random sampleEach member of a population has an equal and independent chance of being selected.
- 8Sample of conveniencea collection of individuals that are easily available to the researcher
- 9VariablesCharacteristics that differ among individuals.
- 10Categorical dataQualitative characteristics of individuals that do not have magnitude on a numerical scale.
- 11Numerical dataQuantitative measurements that have magnitude on a numerical scale.
- 12Frequency distributionDescribes the number of times each value of a variable occurs in a sample.
- 13Relative frequency distributionDescribes the fraction of occurrences of each value of a variable.
- 14ModeThe interval corresponding to the highest peak in the frequency distribution.
- 15SkewRefers to asymmetry in the shape of a frequency distribution for a numerical variable.
- 16OutlierAn observation well outside the range of values of other observations in the data set.
- 17Sample meanThe sum of all the observations in a sample divided by n, the number of observations.
- 18Standard deviationa common measure of the spread of distribution. It indicates just how different measurements typically are from the mean.
- 19Coefficient of variationThe standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the mean.
- 20MedianThe middle measurement of a set of observations.
- 21Interquartile rangeThe difference between the third and first quartiles of the data. it is the span of the middle 50% of the data.
- 22Median, meanMeasures of the location of a distribution.
- 23Cumulative relative frequencyThe fraction of observations less than or equal to that measurement.
- 24Sampling distributionThe probability distribution of all values for an estimate that we might obtain when we sample a population.
- 25Standard errorThe standard deviation of the estimate's sampling distribution.
- 26Standard error of the meanEstimated from data as the sample standard deviation (s) divided by the square root of the sample size (n).
- 27Confidence intervalA range of values surrounding the sample estimate that is likely to contain the population parameter.
- 28Error barsLines on a graph extending outward from the sample estimate to illustrate uncertainty about the value of the parameter being estimated.
- 29ProbabilityThe proportion of times the event would occur if we repeated a random trial over and over again under the same conditions. Ranges between zero and one.
- 30Mutually exclusiveIf two events cannot occur at the same time, they are...
- 31Probability distributionA list of the probabilities of all mutually exclusive outcomes of a random trial.
- 32Conditional probabilityThe probability of an event occurring given that a condition is met.
- 33Hypothesis testingCompares data to what we would expect to see if a specific null hypothesis were true.
- 34Null hypothesisA specific statement about a population parameter made for the purposes of argument. It would be interesting to reject.
- 35Alternative hypothesisIncludes all other feasible values for the population parameter besides the value stated in the null hypothesis.
- 36Two-sided testThe alternative hypothesis includes parameter values on both sides of the parameter value specified by the null hypothesis.
- 37test statisticA number calculated from the data that is used to evaluate how compatible the data are with the result expected under the null hypothesis.
- 38Null distributionThe sampling distribution of outcomes for a test statistic under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
- 39P-valueThe probability of obtaining the data (or data showing as great or greater difference from the null hypothesis) if the null hypothesis were true.
- 40Significance levelA probability used as a criterion for rejecting the null hypothesis.
- 41Type 1 errorRejecting a true null hypothesis.
- 42Type 2 errorFailing to reject a false null hypothesis.
- 43PowerThe probability that a random sample will lead to rejection of a false null hypothesis.
- 44Binomial distributionProvides the probability distribution for the number of "successes" in a fixed number of independent trials, when the probability of success is the same in each trial.
- 45Binomial testUses data to test whether a population proportion (p) matches a null expectation (p0) for the proportion.
- 46Chi squared goodness of fit testCompares frequency data to a probability model stated by the null hypothesis.
- 47Chi squared statisticMeasures the discrepancy between observed frequencies from the data and expected frequencies from the null hypothesis.
- 48degrees of freedom of a chi squared statisticSpecifies which chi squared distribution to use as the null distribution.
- 49Critical valueThe value of a test statistic that marks the boundary of a specified area in the tail (or tails) of the sampling distribution under the null hypothesis.
- 50Poisson distributionDescribes the number of successes in blocks of time or space, when successes happen independently of each other and occur with equal probability at every instant in time or point in space.
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- Cell and molecular bio Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Alec Blume el 24/04/2017.
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