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Ethno flash cards
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- 1Scottish melodic structuresConcave
Pentatonic scales
Symmetric phrase structures - 2Welsh melodic structuresConcave
Heptatonic scales
Or use of phrygian or myxolidian modes
Symmetric phrase structures - 3Balkan melodic structuresCircular
Tritonic/pentatonic scales
Irregular phrasing - 4Difference between Celtic and Balkan harmonyIrish: consonant and modular
Scottish: consonant and modal
Welsh: consonant and diatonic
Balkan: Dissonant
Becomes more dissonant as we descend through Balkans
Modular chromaticsm (e.g. variable 5th in Bulgarian song) - 5Celtic strophic structuresMainly song forms
composed
Strophic and metrical
Often consisting of 4-bar phrases - 6Balkan Strophic structuresMainly epics and laments
Improvised melody and text
Descending minor pentatonic=common
Parlando forms
Bulgarian Horo's shape developed symbiotically with dancing - 7Celtic rhythm qualitiesIrish: danceable rhythms
metric against non-metric rhythms
Scottish: metric
Welsh: snap=characteristic rhythmic element
Metric
Rhythmic contrast provided by changing between duple and triple metre in a song - 8Celtic instrumentsIrish: Fiddle, Ueillean pipes, harp
Scottish: bagpipes, harp
Welsh: Harp, crowd, pipes - 9Welsh musical acculturation in North AmericaReligious reasons: In America, welsh could establish their own religious organisations e.g. Sunday schools
Eistedfodd: driven by economic welsh diaspora (maintained sense of welshness abroad)
Ydrich: Helped welsh migrants establish cultural identity abroad
2 main welsh influences in North America: Eistedfodd and welsh language - 10Welsh musical acculturation in South America1865: Welsh arrived in Patagonia (isolated)
Reverend Michael Daniel Jones: protect welsh language from anglicisation
Hybird negotiation between welsh and spanish identity
Spanish influences: dance, musical forms, song styles, language
Welsh influences: Eistedfodd, repertoire, welsh language
hispanophone conception of welsh identity
2013 Eistedfodd uses stereotype of welsh music identity (male voice choir)
Teachers sent to teach language - 11Preservation 'provides'... (Bohlman, 1992)'Provides one way for an ethnic group to define its cultural core and articulate those values it wants to survive' (Bohlman, 1992)
- 12Define diffusion.'The spread of cultural practices, including music performance, from one location to another' (Stone, 2008)
- 13What are the three problems with diffusion?1) cultural evolutionary theory
2) interdisciplinary research
3) brings notions of purity and authenticity - 14What is syncretism?Syncretism describes the process by which different cultures merge. The shared histories of the Caribbean islands include long periods of European Imperialism and the importation of African slaves. The influences of each of the above interacted in varying degrees on the islands, producing the fabric of society that exists today in the Caribbean. (Waterman and Bastide)
- 15What is retention and marginal retention theory?Retention (Herskovits) theory describes when music survives against the process of diffusion. With reference to the caribbean, both caribbean and west african music survived against diffusion.
Marginal retention:This theory describes when the music of the homeland dies out but is kept alive in its diaspora. An example is when professional workers move abroad for better life prospects (example of an economic diaspora) - 16What is hybridization? (Bhabha and Hall)Hybridization theory describes the mixing of different cultures in the caribbean. One could describe the Caribbean population as hybridized as it contains a mixture of indigenous peoples (e.g. the carib), European peoples (e.g.colonising french) and African peoples (e.g. congolese).
- 17What is transculturation?Transculturation is the result of European colonial conquest in the Caribbean. In the postcolonial era native caribbeans struggled to regain their sense of identity.
Transculturation is the way in which colonisers influenced slaves and slaves influenced colonisers. - 18Give 4 examples of music that diffused into the caribbean via colonialism.1) contradance and quadrille from Europe via slave trade
2) Rumba dance diffused from Africa to Cub and back into the Democratic Republic of Congo
3) Reggae music diffused out of Africa to Jamaica and back into the Ivory Coast
4) The son clave rhyth, diffused out of Africa to cuba, then through the rest of the caribbean via white colonisers and then back into Africa via the radio - 19Give 2 examples of Musical styles that diffused out of the Caribbean.1) Calypso rhythm diffused from Trinidad and Tobago via colonisers to British West Africa
2) New Rumba (influenced by European-inflected son and African rumba guaguanco) diffused into Africa and went on to influence African pop forms such as Congo jazz - 20Caribbean music is a fusion of styles. Name some African musical influences.1) Artefacts: drums, shakers and scrapers, marimbula
2) Rhythm: rhythmic complexity, clave rhythm, timelines
3) call and response structures - 21Caribbean music is a fusion of styles. Name some European musical influences.Artefacts: stringed, wind, brass, pianos, accordians
Dance forms e.g. waltz
French language in West Africa - 22East Indian musical influences on caribbean music.Dholak (drum), dhantal, harmonium
- 23In some cases, the musical antecedents have been combined to create new styles and traditions. Give an example of a creolizaed musical style in the Caribbean.The Rake 'n' Scrape is a combination of an accordian (European) and goatskin drum (African) of embodied rhythm (African)
- 24Give 8 examples of the colonial legacy on the music of West Africa1) imposition of church harmony on indigenous forms
2) Introduction of European instruments e.g. guitar
3) Tuning of African instruments changed so they collaborate with European instrumentation
4) Recording contracted extensive form (compressed to 3 mins)
5) Distinct ethnic musics mixed
6) Traditional meaning of music reinterpreted/replaced (e.g. griots traditionally sung about alah and kings)
7) new formes of music emerged to express identity, nationalism and resistance
8) Commodification replaced traditional forms of exchange - 25Effects of colonialism on Griot music.(7)1) much music in French
2)dismantled traditional patronage
3) changed repertoire (no longer learn genalogies)
4) Griots survived by becoming entertainers
5) Guitar-cultural encounter added to musical tradition
6) documentation increased
7) French schools=important force of modernisation (learnt about European music) - 26Nationalism in West Africa.Nationalism generates categories of self and other
Nationalism creates an uneven distribution of power which leads to resistance
New forms of music emerged to express identity, nationalism and resistance - 27Mali in the post-colonial eraMali became independent in 1964
10 musicians were sent to Cuba for musical training which represented modernity of a country that had broken free from Euro-American power structure - 28Guinea in the post-colonial era.Guinea became independent in 1958
Building the nation informed the music:
recovered "the authentic" while rejecting traditionalism
Music demystified and turned into folkoric form
Made les Ballets Africains the national ballet
Performances shortened
Performance space reduced
Electric orchestras introduced
Cuban elements incorporated
Recording label Syliphone established - 29Guinean music in the post-colonial era (10)1) Independent=1958
2) Music demystified and turned into folkoric form
3) Les Ballets Africains became the National Ballet
4) Merge of different ethnic traditions on concert stages
5) Performances shortened
6) performance space reduced
7) formation of electric orchestras
8) incorporation of cuban elements
9) Fidel Castro- Icon of anti-imperialism
10) Recording label Syliphone established - 30Malian post-colonial music.Independent=1964
10 musicians sent to Cuba which represented...
Cuban influence-singing in spanish - 31How has music in South Africa been harnessed to promote national identity after independence?Became independent later than the rest of Africa for example Zimbabwe-1994
In Mozambique, the lyrics changed and became a critique of leadership which due in the colonial era, caused colonisers to ban some music
Suncity: Artists Against Apartheid (1985) brought the racism in SA to the world stage
Paul Simon broke terms of Boycott
Rap - 32How does South African Rap promote national identity?Rap emerged as a post-apartheid form
Expression of African culture
Political themes
Fusion of local languages and colonial languages - 33Define commodity.'Anything intended for exchange' (Appadurai, 1986)
- 34Quote with reference to the globalisation of Irish music.Ireland has become 'the most globalised country that ever yet was seen' (R.F. Foster)
- 35Paragraph discussing worldwide popularity of Irish music. (CCGF)Commercialised
Exotic factor?
association with pubs
Commodified
definition
Riverdance- one of the biggest moneymakers in the history of PBS
Globalised
'most globalised country that ever yet was seen' (R.F. Foster)
virtual community
Fusion with other genres
Black 47
musical elements - 36Bulgarian folk musicRevolved around holidays
Singing=male and female tradition
Instrumentalists=virtually always men
Asymmetrical rhythms
Rare study of music formally
Not traditionally notated
At celebrations, a horo's shape developed symbiotically with the dancing - 37Essay plan for commodification of celtic music.p1- when and how
p2- why
p3- what became a commodity
p4- how real is the product?
p5- good thing
p6- bad thing - 38Define Nationalism.'A political principle which maintains that similarity of culture is the basic social bond' (Gellner, 1997)
A political ideology that involves an individual identifying with one's nation - 39Music and Nationalism in Bulgaria.'During the communist period, state-sponsored music was intimately linked to the Communist party's Nationalist political agenda' (Rice, 1994)
- 40Music and Nationalism in Romania.Downplayed historical ties to Orient
Muzika Orientala- reaction against efforts to present Romanian culture as inherently European
Elite preferred Western model of Romania, lower social strata preferred traditional sound - 41Bartok.Talk about Bartok wedding both Eastern and Western idioms.
- 42Hungarian folk music has absorbed influences from Western Europe.Examples include:
Use of church modes or major mode
Arch-shaped melodies instead of descending melodic contour
Influence of popular song
Harmonically conceived structures
Symmetrical instead of asymmetrical metres - 43Bulgarian musical features.Irregular phrasing
Asymmetrical phrasing
Multiple modal systems
Chromaticsm
Square phrasing reflects Western European influence - 44Give an example of an Irish diasporaThe Irish diaspora in Newfoundland, Canada
An example of an economic diaspora
They moved for fish and cod liver oil trade
"Suil a Gra" song genre helped them preserve Irish language abroad - 45Give an example of a Scottish diaspora.The Scottish diaspora to Cape Breton,North America
An example of a forced diaspora
This diaspora involved a mass migration from the Scottish highland to clear land for profitable sheep farming
Form of Scottish music in its diaspora is interestingly, largely unchanged
The music is linked to the notion of Scottish ancestry - 46Give an example of a European Colonial diaspora.Gallic society in Cape Breton (only Gallic society outside of Scotland)
Gallic language preserved in song form
Songs are utilised by Gallic learners - 47What is transnational nationalism?In the post-colonial era, African countries creolized and through collective memory created a national identity. This is demonstrated by the similarity between African crests and National anthems.
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- Fichas sobre Ethno flash cards, creado por emilymcgroarty el 21/05/2014.
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