Fichas
The Research Process
Fichas del conjunto (34)
- 1What is research?A way to gather information
Make a sound decision or judgment
Develop new knowledge - 2Applied ResearchTends to address immediate problems
-Real-world settings
-Direct application for practitioners - 3Basic ResearchTends to address theoretical problems
-Limited direct application - 4Scientific methodIdentifying the problem
Formulating a hypothesis
Developing the research plan
Collecting and analyzing the data
Interpreting results and forming conclusions - 5HypothesisA belief or prediction of the eventual outcome of the research
A concrete, specific statement about the relationships between phenomena - 6Null hypothesis (HO)All is equal; no differences exist
- 7Alternative (research) hypothesis (HA)Usually specific and opposite to the null
- 8basic researchPure, fundamental research
Discovery of new knowledge; theoretical in nature
Takes many years for the results of basic research to find some practical utility - 9Applied researchCentral purpose to solve an immediate problem
Improved products or processes
Infers beyond the group or situation studied
Interpretation of results relies upon Basic research - 10Quantitative ResearchNumerical, measurable data
Traditional
- Clearly stated questions
- Rational hypotheses
- Developed research procedures
- Extraneous variable controls
- Large samples
- Traditional, statistical analyses - 11Qualitative ResearchGenerally non-numerical data
Typically anthropological and sociological research methods
Observations of a “natural” setting
In-depth descriptions of situations
Interpretive and descriptive - 12Experimental ResearchIVs and DVs
Cause-and-effect
Extraneous variable controls
3 fundamental characteristics:
1. At least 1 active IV
2. Extraneous var controls
3. Observation of the DV response to the IV - 13Nonexperimental ResearchCausal-comparative
Descriptive
Correlational
Historical - 14Types of Research QuestionsDescriptive questions
Difference questions
Relationship questions - 15Descriptive QuestionsTo describe phenomena or characteristics of a particular group of subjects being studied
-Survey research
-Qualitative research - 16Difference QuestionsTo make comparisons between or within groups.
Experimental research: Treatment vs. control, Pre- vs. post-test comparisons
Nonexperimental research:
Compare one group to another based on existing characteristics - 17Relationship QuestionsTo investigate the degree to which two or more variables covary or are associated with each other
- 18HypothesisA belief or prediction of the eventual outcome of the research
A concrete, specific statement about the relationships between phenomena
Based on deductive reasoning - 19TheoryA belief or assumption about how things relate to each other
A theory establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables with a purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena
Based on inductive reasoning - 20Two major criteria for judging the quality of measuresReliability
Validity - 21Reliabilitythe extent to which a measurement remains constant as it is repeated under conditions taken to be constant”
- 22ErrorIdeal is to be error free
- 232 types of errorrandom
systematic - 24random errorrandom inconsistencies in the subjects’ response or in the application of your measure
- 25systematicfunction of a defective measure or misapplication of the measure
- 26Inter-tester reliabilityconsistency of two different testers at taking the same measure
- 27Intra-tester reliabilitysame tester’s consistency at taking the same measure
- 28Using Pearson R to Assess ReliabilityMeasure ROM on 10 subjects on two different times. A reliable measure would result in a high correlation (r). Not sensitive to changes across time as long as the subjects’ scores stay in the same order
- 29ICCsMake generalizations about reliability across different testers’ occasions
- 30ICC (2,1)all subjects tested by same by the same tester
- 31ICC(2,k)same assumption about tester but the mean of the number of trials is used at each test time
- 32PrecisionThe degree of repeatability (or closeness) that repeated measurements of the same quantity display, and is therefore a means of describing the quality of the data with respect to random errors.
- 33AccuracyThe degree of closeness of a measurement, or position result, to its true value
Indicator that accounts for all types of error it is particularly useful for describing systematic errors - 34ReliabilityContext of sensitivity to gross errors. It is a measure of the ease with which gross errors can be detected. A highly reliable position result is one in which even quite small outliers will be noticed
Información
- Descripción
- Masters Research class Fichas sobre The Research Process, creado por Alessandra poirier el 25/07/2017.
- Creado por
- Alessandra poirier
- Visitas
- 0
- Valoración