SYNTAX TEST

UNITS ONE, TWO AND THREE

UNIT 1: Syntax and lexical items

word classes

Lexial words (content words)

grammatical words (Function words)

nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs

prepositions, conjuctions, determiners, demonstratives, pronouns, auxuliary, modals, quantifiers.

Jose is a good student.

noun verb determiner adjective noun (internal syntax)

subject verb object (external syntax)

heads and modifiers

head words (center of the sentence)

noun phrase: a intelligent student

adjective phrase: so intelligent

adverbial phrase: frequently

verb phrase: look at the photo

modifiers

adjuncts

complements

My mom broke her new cellphone last night

Subject, Complements and Subcategorization restrictions

subject

proper nouns, pronouns, plural and singular nouns, aarticle + noun, numeral+ noun and so on.

Doer: Jose broke my heart when he left

Causer: these rainy days have caused many deaths.

Experiencer: Jose feels good because of his grades.

Instrument: Walking in the park helped Jose to make a desicion.

subject complements

- no complement: The car is big.

- prepositional phrase:

the big car in the garage is new.

- infinitivial phrases: the potenciaal to sing like that is unbeliievable.

object complement

I got my hair done yesterday.

Jose makes me happy.

I sent him the homework.

adjective complement

verb complements

- adj. alone: Adriana is beautiful.

- Prenominal adjectives: that is a nice car

- adj. prepositional phrase: Joseis mad at me.

- adj. infinitives: My mom is hard to be funny

- adj. with clauses: I was happy that my girlfriend spent the whole vacation with me.

- no complement: they play

- with infinitives: I want to eat pizza

- with gerunds: Jose loves drinking beer.

- with noun clauses: I did told you that my sister was in Quito

- intransitive verbs:

Carlos usually arrives late.

- intransitive/prepositional: Jose cheated on me.

- transitive: I washed my hands.

- transitive/ prepositional: The government are changing educational policies in the rural field.

- distransitive verbs: My dad sent them his report

- copula verbs (NP, ADJ.P, PP):

they are intelligent

he is a doctor

they are in loja.

Syntactic Linkage according to the Grammatical functions

agreement

the relationship between the verb and the noun. This could be done in a formal and notional.

The group of people are not aware of the problem.

Either my mom or my father has to buy a car for me

Neither your brothers or your mom has to pay the bill.

My sister and her husband love each other

I, as well as my sister, am going to the restaurant tonight.

the majority of my family is tall

government cases

Nominative cases:

Carlos palys the guitar very well

Genitive case:

Carlos' car is nice

Accusative case:

- Direct object: Carlos broke his cellphone

- Indirect object: Jose gave me a new cellphone

- Oblique object: Jose gave a new cellphone to me

number, person and gender

person: relationship verb and the noun

He plays baskeltball every weekend.

number: singular or plural

I have two cars

gender: defines the gender of the noun

My uncle´s name is Andres. He is tall

Denzel is a excellent actor. He produces nice drama movies.