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AO2

Real world application- Research into sexual jelousy. mate retention +violence. e.g direct guarding and negative inducements. Educating people in these danger signs can reduce women becoming victims of domestic violence. Now programs like the IDAP. highlighting real world.

IDA

Deterministic-Humans not determined by animal instincts. conscious thoughts. not controlled by ancestral traits.

Metholodgical problems- anaimal studies. findings not generalizable to humans due to different species and level of intelligence.

Cultural differences- evolutionary explanation can not explain. Yanomamo-violence gain status.kung san tribe- aggression bad reputation.

Gender bias- Studies focus on mate retention strategies and violence. Women also found to have mate retention techniques and aggression.STUDY- women carry out physical assalts on male partners. in which found equal rates of assalt. ^ gender biasas most theories suggest men. evidence suggests otherwise.

SUggest aggression down to evolutionary genes reductionist. oversimplifying human behaviour. ignore role of cognitive factors. proving evolutionary is the cause of aggression is difficult making the theory flawed.

INfedility and jelousy

Shackleford- Used a survey to test evolutionary predictions concerning mate retention.

460 men, 560 women. committed relationships.

Males- mate retention techniques. Women- partners use of mate retention techniques.A positive correlation found between men who used retention techniques like direct guarding and negative inducments and there use of violence. Men reported- use emotional manipulation due to jealousy. Womens survey confirmed fact.

This supports evolutionary as shows that jealousycan lead to the use of mate retention techniques and use of violence.

Surevyes- questionaires and slef reports. sensitive topic. not true full due to social desirability's. will produce a favourable answer- making results invalid. Also, women may not answer honestly out of fear.

Ethical issues- taking part in study may put themselves at risk as they are in a violent relationship. Especially as males have questioned which awares them on what the studies are about.

Violence towards pregnant partners- Found women abused while pregnant were more likey to be a carrying a child of a man pther than her current mate. ALos, those who suffered abuse while pregnant suffered from hits to the abdomen. to ^ probability of aborting the fetus

Buss- The evolved homicide theory. wome commits adultery-male looses partner. but another man gains. By killing partner. prevents a competitor gaing a reproductive advantage over over him. considered an evolutionary advantage.

Limitation of evolutionary approach- doesn't explain why males act in different ways. Buss-when confronted with wives infidelity- some violent, give in to her every desire to keep her, avoid the issue.

Suggests- if aggression was an evolutionary advantage why doesn't the majority act aggressively to deal with the problem. shows other factors might be influencing aggression not just directly evolutuion.

Provides support for how an aggressive tendency can allow a male to have better reproductive success and pass on genes. thus supporting evolutionary.

Sexual jealousy linked with aggression- study-imagined Scens of there partner having sex or falling in love with different man. using brain imaging- showed ^activation in hypothalamus nad amygdalawhich are associated with agression