Chemical Bonds

1. Metals
2. Sea of Delocallised electrons
   1. Flow of electrons ==> Electricity
3. Regular layered structure
   1. Malleable

1. Non-metals
2. Sharing of Electrons
3. Strong
4. Giant Covalent
   1. Silicon Dioxide

      Nota:

      • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide
      • http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?safe=active&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=681&tbm=isch&tbnid=g4loXObprsmi9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.tradeget.com/listing/hitop-optical-vapor-material-co-ltd/products-services/58201/1/&docid=GBWG-u2g_4GNzM&imgurl=http://img1.tradeget.com/hitopoptinal%25255C7EV31VTV1sio2.jpg&w=320&h=320&ei=7EKjUc76LoTE0QWz_IHIAg&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:9,s:0,i:108&iact=rc&dur=2358&page=1&tbnh=182&tbnw=180&start=0&ndsp=18&tx=80&ty=64
      • http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?safe=active&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=681&tbm=isch&tbnid=_4sA_n1KcsPx_M:&imgrefurl=http://www.edulabworld.com/product/265-sio2-crystal-model-31046-1-d1a7/&docid=mE7WbAKGOx52uM&imgurl=http://www.edulabworld.com/imglibs/images/265-1217231814850-middle.jpg&w=360&h=326&ei=7EKjUc76LoTE0QWz_IHIAg&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:40,s:0,i:208&iact=rc&dur=1195&page=2&tbnh=178&tbnw=192&start=18&ndsp=24&tx=6&ty=126
      1. aka. Mica
      2. aka. sand/quartz
      3. Melting point: 1,600 °C Boiling point: 2,230 °C
   2. High mp and bp
      1. To melt/boil one must break covalent bonds
         1. Covalent bonds are strong
            1. Breaking requires a lot of energy
               1. Therefore hard to break
   3. Carbon
      1. Diamond
      2. Graphite

         Nota:

         • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite
         1. layered
            1. can slide
               1. pencils
5. Simple Molecular

   Nota:

   • http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?safe=active&sa=G&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=1ZDIA5r84GpmBM:&imgrefurl=http://ddrmacintosh.tripod.com/grade11chemistryunit1matterandchemicalbonding/id1.html&docid=b6ktck_BniySNM&imgurl=http://ddrmacintosh.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/compounds_molecules.jpg&w=582&h=340&ei=9TyjUe7ZCPLZ0QWru4HwCQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:16,s:0,i:132&iact=rc&dur=2292&page=1&tbnh=171&tbnw=281&start=0&ndsp=19&tx=77&ty=63
   1. weak intermolecular forces
      1. easy to overcome
         1. requirement for boiling
            1. and melting but not as much
      2. between molecules
         1. molecules madeof atoms joined by covalent bonds
   2. normally liquids (e.g. water) or gases (e.g. Hydrogen, Oxygen)
6. A covalent bond is made up of a strong attraction between the bonding pairs of electrons and the nuclei of the atoms involved in the bond

Nota:

• http://www.marin.edu/homepages/ErikDunmire/CHEM105/Concept_Review/Ionic/Ionic_Cmpds.html

1. Metal + Non-metal
2. involves ions
   1. Positive ions and negative ions
      1. Electrostatic forces pull them together
         1. need to break to become liquid or gas
            1. difficult
            2. normally solid at rt.
         2. regular structure
            1. giant ionic
      2. when molten or aq. electrolysis can occur
         1. Flow of charge==> Electricity
3. e.g. NaCl

   Nota:

   • http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?safe=active&sa=G&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=cigOcCaxNKZvTM:&imgrefurl=http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/speavy/spclass/chemistry/bonds.htm&docid=M9AszkSeMGxq7M&imgurl=http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/speavy/spclass/chemistry/bonds1.gif&w=907&h=447&ei=9TyjUe7ZCPLZ0QWru4HwCQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:10,s:0,i:114&iact=rc&dur=802&page=1&tbnh=157&tbnw=320&start=0&ndsp=19&tx=129&ty=64
   • http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?safe=active&sa=G&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=7fybeNsbpLMILM:&imgrefurl=http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/143Aioniccpds.html&docid=u76eGn_BrUL2JM&imgurl=http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/151ionic.GIF&w=340&h=383&ei=9TyjUe7ZCPLZ0QWru4HwCQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:2,s:0,i:90&iact=rc&dur=3395&page=1&tbnh=193&tbnw=166&start=0&ndsp=19&tx=116&ty=84
   • http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?safe=active&sa=G&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=643&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=KfYunnzAF2ttwM:&imgrefurl=http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/physical-chemistry/ionic-bonding.html&docid=voI5A-lax66odM&imgurl=http://image.tutorvista.com/cms/images/44/ionic-compound-structure.JPG&w=222&h=217&ei=9TyjUe7ZCPLZ0QWru4HwCQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:9,s:0,i:111&iact=rc&dur=1244&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=112&start=0&ndsp=19&tx=74&ty=98