Leadership

Leadership

1. Koontz and O'Donnell said: "Leadership is generally defined as influence, the art of process of influencing people to fight willingly towards the achievement of group goals ".

2. NEED OR IMPORTANCE OF LEADERS

   • 1. Perfect organisation structure
   • 2. Directing group activities
   • 3. Technological, economic and social changes
   • 4. Better utilisation of manpower
   • S. Avoiding imbalances
   • 6. Source of motivation
   • 7. Reconciliation of goals
   • 8. Developing good human relations:
   • 9. Promoting the spirit of co-ordination
   • 10. Fulfiling social responsibilities

3. APPROACHES OR THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

   • 1. Traitist's approach or theory
     • Trait means quality. Leadership behavior is influenced by certain qualities of a person (leader). Initially, it was thought that leadership qualities were inherited, but acquired qualities can be developed through experience and training.
     • So, leadership qualities are not only born but also developed. a series of leadership qualities have been discovered i) Good personality; (ii) Intensity; (iii) Ability to make quick decisions; (iv) Courage to face competitors; (v) Persuasion; (vi) Lesson without experience; (vii) Intelligence; (viii) Different thinking; (ix) Reliability; (x) Physical gym, etc.
     • WEAKNESSES OF TRAIT'S THEORY
       • No common equalities list
       • Measurement of quality
       • No scope for future development
       • No consideration for situational factors
       • No need of uniform traits
   • 2. Behavioural approach or theory
     • leadership acts as an instrument. Manager is an instrument holder. Therefore, the manager should be directive. F.W. Taylor finds the behaviour of workers through his scientific management approach. Elton Mayo and his associates have conducted Howthorne experiments and identified the workers' behaviour. They came to the conclusion that human behvaiour is mainly reponsible for effective leadership. Autocratic , democratic or supervisory styles are some of the leadership styles.
   • 3. Situationalist approach or theory
     • explains the characteristics required for an effective leader. But it does not specifY the person who should possess particular traits to be a leader. In case of behaviour theory, it explains the leadership styles available to leaders but fails to recommend the last best leadership style.
   • 4. Follower's theory or acceptance Theory
     • According to this theory, only followers decide whether a person is a leader or not. Followers take a decision analysing the qualities of the person who helps to have their needs fulfilled. Here, there is a need for forming a group and fulfilling some needs of such a group. This theory cannot be applied without a group of followers.
   • 5. System theory or a path-goal theory
     • la teoría considera todas las variables. El término variable incluye el líder, seguidores, situación, rasgos de liderazgo, metas ambientales y naturaleza del grupo, características y necesidades, papel comportamiento del líder y esfuerzos de coordinación del líder. Entonces esta teoría es considerada como la teoría moderna del liderazgo.

4. FUNCTIONS OF A LEADER

   • 1. Taking initiative
   • 2. Representation
   • 3. Guide
   • 4. Encouraging others
   • 5. Arbitrator and Mediator
   • 6. J,llanner
   • 7. Rewards and Punishments
   • 8. Integration
   • 9. Communication
   • 10. Production

5. QUALITIES OF LEADERSHIP

   • 1. Physical appearance and strength
   • 2. Mental vigour
   • 3. Emotional stability
   • 4. Sense of judgement
   • 5. Goodwill
   • 6. Motivation
   • 7. Communication skill
   • 8. Guiding ability
   • 9. Sociability
   • 10. Technical knowledge

6. TYPES OF LEADERS

   • 1. Autocratic leader
   • 2. Intellectual leader
   • 3. Liberal leader
   • 4. Democratic leader
   • 5. Institutional leader
   • 6. Inducing leader
   • 7. Paternal leader:
   • 8. Creative leader

7. TECHNIQUE OF LEADERSHIP

   • 1. Securing co-operation
   • 2. The use of power
   • 3. Co-ordination
   • 4. Discipline
   • 5. Morale

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADERSHIP

   • 1. There must be followers
   • 2. Working relationship between leader and followers
   • 3. Personal quality
   • 4. Reciprocal relationship
   • 5. Community of interests
   • 6. Guidance
   • 7. Related to a particular situation
   • 8. Shard Function
   • 9. Power relationship

9. LEADERSHIP STYLES

   • 1. Positive style
   • 2. Negative style
   • 3. Autocratic or authoritarian style
   • 4. Democratic style
   • 5. Free-rein style

10. MODEL QUESTIONS

    • 1. State the qualities of a good leader. 2. What are the different types of leadership? 3. Explain the qualities of a leader. 4. What'is the definition of "Leadership"? 5. Define the term 'Leadership.' 6. What is leadership? 'State its necessity in business organisation.' 7. Define the term 'Leadership.' 8. What are the qualities of good leadership? 9. Define leadership and explain the characteristics of a successful leader. 10. Discuss the different styles of leadership, pointing out merits and demerits of each. 11. What do you mean by "situational leadership"?