ACIDS,BASES & BUFFERS

Nota:

• inorganic acid

Nota:

• organic acid

Nota:

• buffer system in blood  pH (7.3-7.5) H2CO3 <> (H)+  +   (HCO3)-

1. accepting H+ (lot H+)
2. donating H+ (less H+)

1. 4 bonds
2. high affinity to other C atom
3. form carbon skeleton
4. heteroatom binds to carbon skeleton
5. form multiple bonds with C,O,N

Nota:

• HYDROXYL      -  OH AMINO              -  (NH3)+ CARBOXYL      -  COOH PHOSPHATE   - (PO3)- SULFHYDRYL - SH
• estrogen       - O testosterohe - OH

1. atoms covalently bonded to carbon skeleton
2. give different chemical prpts

1. condensation
   1. join monomers
   2. remove H+ & (OH)- as H2O
2. hydrolysis
   1. break polymers
   2. take (OH)- & H+

1. CH2O
2. monosaccharides
   1. simplest form
   2. sweet, water soluble, crystal form
   3. reducing sugar
   4. most 5-6 C backbone
   5. size of C skeleton
      1. trioses
      2. pentoses

         Nota:

         • In acqueous solution,  form rings (> stable)
      3. hexoses

         Nota:

         • In acqueous solution,  form rings (> stable)
   6. location of carbonyl group

      Nota:

      • CO group
      1. aldose

         Nota:

         • end
      2. ketose

         Nota:

         • between
   7. isomerism

      Nota:

      • same  chemical formula but different compound 
      1. stuctural

         Nota:

         •  due to different attachments of atoms or group of atoms in the molecule 
         1. glucose
         2. galactose
         3. fructose
      2. optical

         Nota:

         •  a compound which can exist in two forms whose structures are mirror images.
         1. D-glyceraldehyde
         2. L-glyceraldehyde
   8. piranose rings (5 C & 1 O )
   9. furanose rings (4 C & 1 O)
   10. glucose
       1. alpha

          Nota:

          •       H     /   C    \  OH
       2. beta

          Nota:

          •       OH    /   C    \  H
       3. amnomeric carbon
3. disaccharides
4. polyshaccarides