PROKARYOTES

PROKARYOTES

1. OUTSIDE THE CELL

   • outer membrane (- bacteria)
     • lipid bilayer
     • turns on immune system
   • perisplamic space
     • between outer plasma membrane
     • help in digestion
       • move nutrients into the cells
   • glycocalyx
     • capsule
       • layer of polysaccharide
       • protects bacterial cell
     • S- layer
       • protein / glyprotein
         • protect bacteria from harmful enzyme
           • enable bacteria to adhere to host cells
             • protecting bacterium against phagocytosis
     • slime layer
       • exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids
         • unorganised and loosely attached
           • help in blood clotting
   • Appendages
     • pili
       • protein
       • allow transfer from bacterial to another
     • fimbriae
       • protein
         • allow attachment
     • flagella
       • protein
       • monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous
       • axial filaments
         • endoflagella, in spirochetes, anchor at one end of cell, totate to move cell

2. MEMBRANE

   • cell wall
     • peptidoclygan
     • maintain shape
       • coccus (spherical)
       • bacillus (rod)
       • spirillum (spiral)
   • plasma membrane
     • mesosomes
       • rosette-like clusters of folds
       • increase membrane surface
     • thylakoids
       • in photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
       • gives membrane surface large area

3. INSIDE THE CELL

   • nucleoid
     • represents genome of prokaryotic cells
     • determine what proteins and enzyme of an organism can synthesize
       • allow activation of body defense during infection
   • plasmid
     • non-chromosomal DNA
     • code for synthesis for few proteins that are not coded by nucleoid
   • transposons
     • jumping genes
       • conjugative transposon
     • carry multiple gene clusters
   • ribosomes
     • 50S and 30S
     • workbench for protein synthesis
   • endospores
     • dormant alternate life forms
     • survival under extreme condition
       • extreme temperature/pH/dryness/radiation/toxic
         • survive possibly 1000 years until germinate

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