Unit 4 - Population and Migration

Unit 4 - Population and Migration

1. Demography

   • The study of the characteristics of a population
     • Rate of Natural Increase
       • Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate
     • Infant Mortality
     • Child Mortality
     • Life Expectancy
       • Infectious Diseases
         • Pandemics, Epidemics, Endemic
         • Vectored and Non-Vectored Diseases
       • Chronic or Degenerative Diseases
       • Genetic or Inherited Diseases
     • Government Policies
       • Expansive
         • Incentives such as cash payments, tax incentives, job leaves, work flexibity
       • Restrictive
         • One Child Policy
       • Eugenic
   • Arithmetic Population Density
     • Total Population/Total Land Size
   • Physiologic Population Density
     • Total Population/Area of Arable Land
   • Population Pyramids
     • Knowing the number of people in a given area does not reveal two important aspects of population: Number of men and women Ages
       • This aspect of a population composition is important. A country where half of population is very young will be quite different from a country where half of the population is very old.
   • Factors that Affect Growth Rates
     • Lower Growth Rates
       • Economic well being Higher levels of education Later marriage Family planning Levels of urbanization
     • Increase Growth Rates
       • Cultural traditions such as religion Include religions such as Islam, Catholic and Hindu

2. Population Geography

   • Focuses on Populations
     • Why they have certain Characteristics
     • Why they distribute themselves across space in particular ways.
   • Wilbur Zelinsky
     • Believes that we need to ask questions about where people live why they live where they do
   • History
     • People tended to congregate in places they could grow food. This explains the high correlation between arable land and population density. Cities began in agricultural areas. Recently advances in technology and transportation have begun to change the pattern. But the old pattern is still evident.

3. Thomas Malthus

   • He argued that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to feed the people.
     • Food supplies grew linearly Population grew exponentially
   • In 1798 published An Essay on the Principles of Population.
   • Assumptions
     • 1. Food production is confined spatially
       • 2. Food production is confined lineraly
         • 3. Population increases exponentially

4. Migration

   • Cyclic Movement
     • Activity Space Movement
     • Seasonal Movement
     • Nomadism
   • Periodic Movement
     • Migrant Labour
       • Guest Workers
     • Transhumance
     • Education
     • Military Service
   • Migration
     • Internal
     • International
     • Forced
       • Slave Trade
       • convicts
       • Family Members?
     • Voluntary
       • Factors
         • The similarity between the source location and the destination location.
         • The effectiveness of the flow of information back and forth.
         • The physical distance between the two locations.
       • Ernst Ravenstein
         • Gravity Model
           • 1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration. 2. The majority of migrants move a short distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
       • Push Factors
         • Examples Work or retirement conditions Cost of living Personal safety and security Environmental factors such as weather and climate or environmental catastrophes.
         • Migrants more familiar with
       • Pull Factors
         • Less familiar with
       • Intervening Opportunity
       • Kinship Links
       • Chain Migration
       • Immigration Waves
       • Distance Decay
       • Government
         • Legal Restrictions
           • Managing and controlling borders
           • Immigration policies
         • Post 911 more about preventing terrorism
         • Brain Drain
         • Stages of Multiculturalism
           • First Demographic Stage
             • Symbolic Stage
               • Structural Multiculturalism
   • Global Migration Patterns
   • Regional Flows
     • Economic Opportunities
     • Reconnection of Cultural Groups
     • Flee Conflict or War
       • Refugees

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