Globalisation - MRE

Globalisation - MRE

1. What is GLOBALISATION?

   • Increased global connectedness associated with the new intensified movement of people, things and information around the globe.

2. What is the Age of Discovery?

   • When Portuguese, Spanish, British, French and Dutch ships travelled to explore the 'new world'.
     • This event started as a desire to create trade links with India to get spices.
     • Portuguese explorers opened up trade routes on the West African Coast.
       • This area was rich in gold and slaves.
       • They built an empire which relied on sea power.
     • The Spanish colonised the Aztec civilisations in Mexico.
       • This gave the Spanish access to large amounts of gold and silver
         • They made the Aztec people give up their beliefs in favour of Catholicism. They also took over their political systems.
           • The Aztec population went from 25 million to 2 million in 30 years
             • This led to cultural extinction as the Aztec culture has now been wiped out
     • In 1942, Columbus went to the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola and set up colonies.
       • This led to the Columbian Exchange.
         • A wide transfer of plants, animals, food, humans and diseases.
     • At its most powerful, the British Empire held sway over 1/4 of the world
       • The French had 1/10
       • This led to a transfer of language, culture and the creation of long lasting trade links.
         • Could also lead to HOMOGENISATION
           • The act of making something uniform and the same.

3. Appadurai's Scapes

   • The global exchange of ideas of ideas and information
   • ETHNOSCAPE
     • The migration of people across cultures and borders
   • FINANCESCAPE
     • The flow of currency
   • TECHNOSCAPE
     • Cultural interactions and exchanges using the power of technology
   • Ideoscape
     • The flow of media products around the world naturally brings with it the ideologies found in the media
   • Mediascape
     • The many media outlets that shape the 'imagined world' we live in
       • Narratives and images are often the only way are forms an opinion about a place or culture

4. TIME SPACE COMPRESSION

   • When the qualities of time and space are changed due to advancements in technology - like aeroplanes and the Internet

5. Globalisation in the real world

   • Thai Brides
     • Men from the West arrange to meet Thai women from an online service. They pay for this service (financescape). Once married, the couple may move to Thailand, the West or somewhere else (ethnoscape). The Thai women want to marry a Western man because of the media spreading the view that Western people are successful and want to get that life.
   • Japanese Hip-Hop
     • Fujiwara took discs from New York to Japan (technoscape) and people there heard Hip-Hop for the first time. The introduction of Hip-Hop to Japan has changed cultural norms like graffiti and the use of turn-tables. A lot of artists also talk in English to their Japanese crowds.

6. The Spread of Global Brands

   • Coke
     • Originated in Atlanta, Georgia
       • Now sold in over 200 countries
         • They have a ramadan advert which shows the hybridised culture that can come as a result of globalisation.
           • HYBRIDISED
             • The mixing of two or more cultures to make a new mixed culture showing parts of each culture.
           • This shows people wearing western clothes but also presents images of mosques. This reinforces their sociocentric view of personhood as they are seen sharing a coke with their families.
             • An example of how companies glocalise.
               • GLOCALISATION
                 • When companies incorporate aspects of local culture into their brands to help that culture adapt to having a Western brand in their culture
   • McDonalds
     • Started in America but now has restaurants in over 100 countries
       • They glocalise to gain popularity in non-American countries and allow themselves to build more restaurants.
         • For example, in India, the menu has been adapted to fit the dietary requirements of their population who have strict guidelines on what they can eat. This therefore allows the people there to eat at these restaurants.
           • With brands like McDonalds spread, it is partly helped by the media portrayal of the West as being successful, so people want to eat at Western restaurants and buy Western brands so they also create the image of being successful.
             • This can lead to cultural dilution as cultures mix and become a new hybridised culture.
               • This can however help people who are subject to injustice stop being treated unfairly. For example, views that women are unequal to men can be lost in Eastern cultures when Western views of equality spread and become the norm - like people rejecting the view that FGM is correct.
             • The media also helps brands like McDonalds advertise. Some countries target certain areas of their populations to get the most profit. For example, in the US, it is estimated that children see 250 adverts for McDonalds in a year. In Japan, they also target adults with the use of 'sexy girls' in their adverts.

7. WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY

   • This is the division of labour that divides the world into core, semi-periphery and periphery countries.
     • Core countries focus on the high- skill and capitaln intensive production.
     • Periphery and semi-periphery countries focus on low-skill, labour intensive production and extraction of raw materials.
     • Countries can move between statuses, so this is a dynamic theory.
     • There is also a WORLD HEGEMON that is one of the core countries with the most power - currently the US.

8. DEPENDENCY THEORY

   • The belief that resources flow from the poor countries to the rich ones, preventing the poor countries from developing and keeping the rich ones as the most wealthy, developed, and therefore, powerful.

9. NETWORK STATE

   • The world has difficulty sorting out global issues, so world wide organisations have been set up. These are called 'supranational organisations' which are defined as being 'beyond the scope or borders of any one nation.'
     • Examples include UN, Eu and the World Bank

10. THE GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY

    • NGOs which are non-governmental, non-profit organisations, which normally rely on funding.
      • Examples include Oxfam, Water Aid and Red Cross

11. THE ZAPATISTA MOVEMENT

    • When NAFTA became law, the Z.M rose up against the oppressive Mexican government who wanted NAFTA as it allowed them to trade with the US to gain profit.
      • This was a disadvantage to the Z.M as NAFTA changed Article 27 so that land could then be bought and sold.
        • This marginalised the Z.M as they were forced to leave their land and move into the woods. This became worse when when the military were involved to fight against their protests.
          • The NAFTA agreement was of no benefit to the Z.M as they could not trade with them like the Mexican government Their land and labour was also used cheaply, so put them at a disadvantage yet again.
          • Globalisation could be seen as a bad thing for the Z.M, however their cause has been heard all around the world because of globalsiation; Rage Against the Machine would talk about them at their concerts after hearing about their cause through technology.

12. THEORIES

    • FUNCTIONALISM
      • Looks at society on a MACRO-SCALE. Society is based on consensus and we are socialised on how to behave. Each part of society has a function and to make sure society stays harmonious, everyone must do their job.
    • FEMINISM
      • Society is patriarchal. Based on the conflict between the sexes - that men have more power than women.
    • MARXISM
      • Society is based on conflict. This conflict is between the classes (proletariat and bourgeoisie). The highest classes own the means of production and exploit the workers. Marxist condemn capitalism.
    • POSTMODERNISM
      • Focuses on the relative truths of each person. Reality is constructed as the mind tries to understand its own particular and personal reality. We pick and mix our beliefs and we create our identity for ourselves through what we buy and what we consume.

13. REVITALISATION - ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM

    • Reasons for radicalisation include; Muslims make up some of the most deprived communities in the UK, marginalisation after 9/11, more access to the media allows you British Muslims to hear about the fundamental beliefs in other parts of the world.

14. MAZEWAYS

    • Culture is a holistic system which brings together groups of people by shaping their thoughts of who they are, how they should behave towards others and how they should exist in the world.
      • Being human is influenced by how one's culture operated to meet the individual's and the group's biological and material needs. Cultural change comes as a result of something external to the cultural system. This could be biological (disease) or material (natural disasters) or other cultural influence. These all induce stress and if this is prolonged, it can cause new mazeways.

15. AFRICAN DIASPORA AND BRAIN DRAIN

    • Due to slavery, thousands of African people were taken from their homes to different countries around the world. This has resulted in a hybridised African culture as African people mixed firstly, and then this new culture mixed again with the culture of the place they have been taken to.
      • For example, some African slaves were forced to be Christian and they would have to learn English and have English names - oppressive.
        • This led to 'individuals without an anchor, without horizon, colourless, stateless, rootless.' Fannan
          • IDENTITY - can be made up of social categories,like, gender, race, social class.
            • BRAIN DRAIN is a concept which was coined in the late 1950's to describe the emigration of British professionals to the US after WW2.
              • NEOCLASSICAL or POSITIVIST approach; happens as a consequence of the inability of the state and economic structures to provide enough employment foir the working age population.
                • PRAU: People leave to get a better wage, but to also get political and social freedom from the places that have dominant economies.
                  • People who are trained in certain professions may leave less developed countries in order to get a better wage for the skills that they have. Due to the TECHNOSCAPE and TIME SPACE COMPRESSION, people can keep moving between countries more easily and hear about job opportunity in other countries.
                    • This has a detrimental effect on Africa, especially how easily it can become more developed. For example, in Kenya, 20 doctors a month are lost. This means that Africa spends the money to train these people, but never see the skills they have given as the people leave.
                      • Links to Neo-Marxism and World Systems theory as the Core countries are exploiting the periphery countries for resources.
                        • Leads to DETERRITORIALISATION - Creating an international market as the links between countries and economies become more.

Imágenes y archivos del mapa