Liquids & Solids

Liquids & Solids

1. ·

   • Dipole-Dipole
     • Attraction between molecules with dipole moments
       • Maximizes with positive--- negative ends
         • Minimizes with (-)---(-) & (+)---(+)
     • Hydrogen-Bonding
       • A special dipole-dipole attraction
         • Covalently bonded to highly electronegative elements such as N,O, and F.
           • Has the highest bond strength (even more than dipole-dipole)
       • Intermolecular Forces
       • London Dispersion
         • Random movements cause momentary dipole moments in nonpolar bonds
           • Are the weakest forms of attraction
             • Polarizability increases with the number of electrons in a molecule
               • For example: CCl4 experiences greater London forces than CH4

2. Melting Point & Boiling Point

   • Both increase the greater the molecular weight and the stronger the intermolecular force

3. Vapor Pressure

   • Vaporization: The escape of molecules of a liquid from the surface to form a gas
   • Sublimation is when a substance goes from solid to its gaseous state

4. Types of Covalent Bonds

   • Example of a lattice structure would be Sodium Chloride
   • Covalent bonds form lattice points

5. Phase Diagrams

   • Phase Diagrams show the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure