TOKUGAWA

TOKUGAWA

1. The State

   • COMMONERS
     • 25mil peasants >> taxed heavily, no surplus, tight control
   • SAMURAI
     • 6-7% pop. [fiefs = land] allegiance > daimyo
     • Stipends = tax value land
     • Rights = swords >> hereditary status = now admin
   • FOREIGNERS
     • Kokugaku ‘national studies’ — pop in China = ancient/Shinto
     • ‘No jap ship...die’
     • 36 Mount Fuji — Edo, woodblock 1830 >> Hokusai
   • DAIMYO
     • Settlement = leyasu oath loyalty
     • Tozama = Enemies| Fudai = Allies >> [marriage = approval]
     • Lemitsu: reconstruct lands = military circle
   • EMPEROR
     • X abolished >> semi-god
     • Imp insti = symbol >> S financial support = legitimacy
     • Baku-Han >> leyasu 1603-5 | Hidetada 1605-23 | lemitsu 1623-51
   • CONTEXT
     • Pop & urbanisation — 1603 =10mil >> 1720 = 27.7ml
     • National Road Network — transport, market, merchant = Osaka & Edo

2. Decline

   • POPULATION
     • 1720-1840 = stagnant 30mil
     • Peasants = no surplus >> cash crops
     • Samurai = decline >> stipends 10% 1820s - 50% 1830s
     • Natural | Economic chaos = decision
     • Merchants = increasing [wealth]
   • PROTESTS
     • 1830s: Oshio Heihachiro Manifesto
     • Ikki: villages = autonomous order
       • Judged responsible = punished
     • Tenpo famine 1833-8 = 100,000 dead
   • REFORMS
     • Tenpo 1842 >> Tadakuni = previous policies | heavy tax, frugality, mobility, land returned
     • Kansei 1789-1801 >> Sadanobu = purge, frugality, abolish monopolies, ‘Dutch studies’ control
     • Tenmei 1781-6 >> Tanuma = faction Bakufu production trade & export, promote Dutch

3. Unequal Treaties

   • SAKOKU
     • Chain country >> dutch island
     • Opium War 1839-42 China = Treaty of Nanjing = trade, export tariff low
     • U.S. 1837 Morrison trade > canon fire | Perry 1853 >> 1854 return black ships
     • Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 — dock 2 harbours [edo], assistance
     • Britain: Nagasaki 1808 = Phaeton threat attack ship >> 1818 trade Edo
   • RESPONSE
     • Control = 1799-1807. Hokkaido direct, new legal code
     • Intel Prep = Mito School, japan = ‘perfect nation’ >> new thesis 1825 Aizawa
     • Expulsion Edict 1825 = expel by force >> relaxed 1842
   • CIVIL WAR
     • 1858 = external [pressure] & internal [succession]
     • Emp > Roy > Toz > Rad Sam = anti-foreign
     • Bak > Sho > Fud
     • Sonno Joi [emperor > barbarians] violent, western tech
     • Treaty of Amity & Commerce 1858 >> port Edo, US citizens, low import
     • 1854: Kanagawa Treaty = share blame — CC Hotta emperor = refuses
     • Bakufu = selling country >> Hotta replaced li Naosuke
     • Royalists >< Sat-Cho alliance = Sakamoto formed 1866, attacked Cho = defeat