Periodic Table

Periodic Table

1. Objective:

   • Dimitry Mendeleev create the periodic table
     • What is the Periodic Table
       • Shows all know all the elemnets in the universe
         • Organizes the elements by chemical properties
   • How do you read the periodic table?
     • Atomic number
       • Symbol
         • Name
           • Atomic wheight
             • The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
         • An abreviation of the element name
       • The number of protons of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
         • Or
           • The number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom
   • How can find the number of Protons, Electrons and Neutrons in a element using the Periodic Table
     • # of protons = Atomic number
       • # of Electrons = Atomic number
       • # of Neutrons = Atomic Weight -- Atomic number
   • ELEMENTS: The elements, alone or in combinations , make upor bodies, our world, or sun, and in fact, the entire universe
     • The most abundant element in the earth´s crust in oxigen
     • The elements of the periodic table con be divided into three main categories Metals, Non-Metals , and Metalloids
     • Elements in the periodic table are also grouped into families, wich are the colums. Elements in families have similar properties
     • The elements are also categorized into periods, or horizontal rows
       • Elements in periods do not have similar properties
   • While most atoms have the same number of Protons and Neutrons, some don´t
   • Some atoms have more or less Neutrons and Protons . These are called isotopes
   • An atomic mass number with a decimal is the total of the number of protons plus the average number of Neutrons
   • Common elements and symbols
   • METALS
     • Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
     • Metals are shiny
     • Metals are malleabe (Can be pounded into thin sheets)
     • A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water wich results in corrosion
   • NON-METALS
     • Non-Metals are poor conductoors of heat and electricity
     • Non-Metals are not ductile or malleable
     • Solid Non-Metals are bittle and break easily
     • They are dull
     • Many Non-Metals are gases
   • METALLOIDS
     • Metallodis (Metal-like) have properties of both metals and Non-Metals
     • They are solids that can be shiny or dull
     • They conduct heat and electricity better than nometals but not as well as metals
     • They are ductile and malleable
   • FAMILIES
     • Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties
     • For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K) , and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny, metals
     • All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons
     • Colums of elements are called groups or families
   • PERIODS
     • Each horizontal row of elements is called a period
     • The elements is a period are not alike in properties
     • The first element in a period is always an extremely active solid. The last element in a period, is always an inactive gas
     • In fact, the properties change greatly acrosseven given row
   • FAMILIES IN THE PERIOD TABLE OF ELEMENTS
     • Periodic Table of the Elements
     • Hydrogen
       • The hydrogen square sits atop Family AI, but it is not a member of that fsmily. Hydrogen is in a class of its own
       • It´s a gas at room temperature
       • It has one proton and one electron in its one and only energy level
       • Hydrogen only needs 2 Electrons to fill up its valence shell
   • ALKALI METALS
     • The alkali family is found in the first colum of the periodic table
     • Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost level, in other words, 1 valence electron
     • They are shiny, have the conssistency of clay and are easly cut with a knife
     • They are the most reactive metal
     • They ract violenty whith water
     • Alkali metals are never found as free elements in nature. They are always bonded with another element
   • ALKALINE EARTH METALS
     • They have two valence Electrons
     • They are never found uncobined in nature
     • Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.
   • What does it mean to be reactive?
     • We will be describing elements acording to their reactivity
     • Elements that are reactive bond easily with other elements to make compounds
     • Some elements are only found in nature bonded with other elements
     • What makes an element reactive
       • An incomplete valance Electron level
       • All atoms (Expept hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in their very outermost energy level (This is called the rule of octent
       • Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence Electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence Electrons gain Electrons during bonding
   • TRANSITION METALS
     • Transition elements include those elements in the B families
     • These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver
     • They are good conductors of heat and electricity
   • TRANSITION METALS
     • The compouds of transition metals are usually brightly colored and are often used to color paints
     • Transition elements have 1 or 2 valence electrons, wich they lose when they form bonds with other atoms. Some transition elements can lose electrons in their next- to- outermost level
   • TRANSITION ELEMENTS
     • Transition elements haver properties similar to one another and to other metals, but their properties do not fit in with those of any other family
     • Many transition metals combine chemically with oxygen to form compounds called oxides
   • BORON FAMILY
     • The Boron family is named after the first element in the family
     • This family includes the most abundant metal in the earth´s crust (aluminium)
     • This family includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals
     • Atoms in this famili have 3 valence Electrons
   • CARBON FAMILY
     • Atoms is the family have 4 valence Electrons
     • This family includes a Non-Metal (carbon), metalloids, and Metals
     • The element carbon is called the "basis of life". There is an entire brant of chemistry devoted to carbon compound called organic chemistry
   • NITROGEN FAMILY
     • The nitrogen family is named after the element that make up 78% of our atmosphere
     • This family includes Non-Metals, Metalloids, and Metals
     • Atoms in the nitrogen family have 5 valence Electrons. They tend to share Electrons when they bond
     • Other elements in the family are phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth
   • OXYGEN FAMILY
     • Atoms of this family have 6 valence Electrons
     • Oxigen is the most abundantelement in the earth´s crust. It is extremely active and combines with almost all elements
     • Most elements in this family share Electrons when forming compounds
   • HALOGEN FAMILY
     • The elements in this family are fluorine, chloroine, bromine, iodine, and astatine
     • Alogen atoms only need to gain 1 Electron to fill their outermost energy level
     • Halogens have 7 valence Electrons, wich explains why they are the most active Non-Metals. They are never found free in nature
     • They react with alkali metals to form salts
   • RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
     • One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, wich means syntethic or man-made
     • The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lathanide and actanide series
   • NOBLE GASES
     • Noble Gases are colorlessgases that are extremely un-reactive
     • One important property of the Noble Gases is their inactivity. Thy are inactivy because their outermost energy level is full
     • Thefamily of Noble Gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon
     • Noble gases are called inert
     • All the Noble Gases are found in small amounts in the earth´s atmosphere

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