CONSTRUCTIVISM

CONSTRUCTIVISM

1. VYGOTSKY

   • Role of social interaction and culture
     • Child's development appear twice:
       • Between people as an INTERPSYCHOLOGICAL CATEGORY
       • Within the child as an INTRAPSYCHOLOGICAL CATEGORY
       • Internalization
     • MEDIATION
       • Interactions with adults or more skilled peers teach or mediate.
     • ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
       • Distance between a child's actual developmental level
         • and the child's level potential development under adult guidance
           • or in collaboration with more capable peers.
     • SCAFFOLDING
       • Providing supportive help to a child
         • Cognitve scaffolds
           • Provide support to develop cognitive processes
       • Collaborative learning
         • Social interaction and
           • a more capable peer can be an effective mediator

2. JEAN PIAGET

   • Previous knowledge and experiences
     • SCHEME: Essential building block
       • Organized pattern of action or thought
   • As children interact with the environment
     • Individual schemes are modified, combined and reorganized
       • To form more complex cognitive structures.
   • A child moves from ASSIMILATION
     • through cognitive DISEQUILIBRIUM
       • ACCOMMODATION
         • and COGNITIVE EQUILIBRIUM
           • then back to a NEW ASSIMILATION
   • The normal state of mind is one of disequilibrium-or rather a state of "moving equilibrium". There are always new things to learn.
     • Cognitive disequilibrium is a precursor to learning
   • FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:
     • Sensorimotor Thought
       • Birth to 2 years
       • Young infants cannot form symbols
       • Intentional actions
     • Preoperational Thought
       • 2 to 7 years
       • Language development
       • Mental representation
         • Synbolic play
         • Animism
         • Artificialism
         • Conservation problems
         • Centration
         • Lack of reversibility
       • Intuitive thought
     • Concrete Operational Thought
       • 7 to 12 years
       • Decentered
       • Class inclusion
       • Transitive inference
     • Formal Operational Thought
       • 12 years and up
       • Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
       • Abstract thought