Module 2 - Tissues

Module 2 - Tissues

1. Epithelial (covers, lines, absorbs, secretes)

   • Transitional
     • Stretch
   • Simple
     • Quick Diffusion
   • Stratified
     • Protection
   • Squamous
     • Secretion and Absorption
   • Cuboidal
   • Columnar
   • Glands
     • Endocrine
       • Directly into blood
         • E.g. Hormones
     • Exocrine
       • Via duct (exocytosis)
         • E.g. Sweat

2. Connective (bind, support, protect)

   • Fibrous
     • Loose
       • Areolar
         • Elastic and collagen fibres
         • Fibroblasts and WBCs
         • Functions: Anchors skin to muscles, cushions organs, holds fluid (inflammation)
       • Adipose (Fat)
         • RBCs, collagen, vascular
         • Location: Under skin, around kidneys, in abdomen and breasts
         • Functions: insulation, protection, energy
     • Dense
       • Irregular
         • Varied angled fibres
         • Collagen, fibroblasts
         • Joint capsules
         • Function: Strength in various angles, no matter where the force is applied
       • Regular
         • Fibres run parrallel
         • Collagen, fibroblasts
         • Tendons and Ligaments
         • Function: Strong bind, allows movement on angle set by strands
       • Regular Elastic
         • Elastin
         • Arteries (Aorta)
         • Function: Allows stretch and recoil and withstands large amounts of pressure
   • Bone
     • Calcium Salts
     • Osteocytes
     • Lamella (rings, length of the bone)
     • Functions: protection, stores calcium and other minerals and fats, bone marrow produces RBCs
   • Blood
     • WBCs, RBCs and Platelets
     • Ground Substance = Plasma and Fluid
     • Protein Fibres = Only form during coagulation
     • Function: Transport materials around the body
   • Cartilage
     • Elastic
       • Elastin
       • Outer Ear and Epiglottis
       • Function: Flexibility
     • Hyaline
       • Chondrocytes and lacunae
       • Collagen (no blood supply)
       • End of long bones and costal cartilage in ribs and nose
       • Function: firm and flexible, supports, cushions, resists stress
     • Fibro
       • Collagen and Lacunae
       • Knee joint and vertebrae discs
       • Function: Shock absorbers "cushions"
   • Inflammation
     • Response to ANY injury (non-specific)
     • Sets up for Restoration/Repair
     • Functions: limits spread. Removes debris. Stage for tissue repair.
     • Mast Cells: release chemicals (Histamine)
     • Vasodilation (increase blood)
       • redness
         • increase WBCs and chemicals at site of injury
     • Nerve endings irritated by chemicals
       • pain
         • limitation to site allowing faster repair
     • Hyperaemia (increase blood)
       • heat
         • Metabolic rate of cells, faster repair, and kills bacteria
     • Increase fluid from increase permeability in capillaries
       • swelling
         • Limitation to site allowing faster repair
     • Pain and swelling
       • loss of function
         • Allows faster repair

3. Muscle (movement)

   • Skeletal
     • Cylindrical cells (in same direction)
     • Striated (protein arrangement)
     • Location: Attachment to Skeleton
     • Function: voluntary movement
   • Cardiac
     • Branches/network cells
     • Striated
     • Location: Heart Wall
     • Function: involuntary control movement, contraction and twist to propel blood
   • Smooth (walls of hollow organs)
     • Spindle-shaped cells
     • Not striated (smooth)
     • Location: walls of hollow organs
     • Function: contract and squeeze organs to propel objects

4. Nervous (control)

   • Neuron
     • Main communicating cell
   • Support Cell
     • Neuroglia
       • other nervous system cells