Human Tissues

Human Tissues

1. Definition of Tissues

   • A cellular organizational level between cells and an organ. An ensemble of similar cells and their extracurricular matrix from the same origin that carry out a specific function.

2. Four types of Human Tissues

   • Epithelial
     • General Characteristics
       • Covers and lines body surfaces, cells are packed together with minimal amount of intercellular substance, cells are firmly attached by intercellular junctions, rest on a basement membrane partly derived from underlying connective tissue.
     • Types of Epithelium Tissue
       • Simple Squamous
         • Function: secretes lubricating substance, allows diffusion and filtration Location: Blood and lymphatic vessels, air sac of lungs, lining of the heart 
         • Stratified Squamous
           • Function: Protects body from desiccation and water loss Location: Nearly every organ system that comes into close contact with the outside environment
       • Simple Cuboidal
         • Function: Allows secretion and absorption Location: Secretory ducts of small glands and kidney tubules
         • Stratified Cuboidal
           • Function: Secretion and protection Location: Sweat glands, mammary glands, circumanal glands, and salivary glands
       • Simple Columnar
         • Function: Protection Location: Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
         • Stratified Columnar
           • Function: Secretion and protection Location: Conjunctiva of the eye, parts of the pharynx, anus, the male urethra and vas deferens, and the lobar ducts in salivary glands
       • Pseudostratified Columnar
         • Function: Secretes mucus which is moved with cilia Location: Trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract
   • Muscular
     • Function: Produces movement, releases heat, maintains posture, supports soft tissues, and moves substances
     • Types of Muscle Tissue
       • Skeletal
         • Function: Pulls on bones allowing body movements Voluntary and striated Location: In between bones
       • Cardiac
         • Function: Allows blood to pump into the circulatory system Involuntary and striated Location: Heart
       • Smooth
         • Function: Helps push things throughout your body Involuntary and non-striated Location: Walls of hollow organs
   • Nervous
     • Function: coordinates and controls body activities Location: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
   • Connective
     • Types of Connective Tissue
       • Loose
         • Areolar
           • Function: Holds organs in place and attaches epithelium tissue to other underlying tissues Location: Under the epidermis layer and the epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings.
         • Adipose
           • Function: Store energy in the form of fat, cushions and insulates the body Location: Under the skin and around internal organs
         • Reticular
           • Function: Forms the supporting framework of the lymphoid organs, bone marrow and liver Location: Around the kidney, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and bone marrow
       • Cartilage
         • Hyaline
           • Function: Provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body Location: Ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea
         • Fibrocartilage
           • Function: Helps fill in the torn part of the cartilage Location: Pubic symphysis, the annulus fibrous of intervertebral discs, menisci, and the temporomandibular joint
         • Elastic
           • Function: Provides strength, elasticity and maintains the shape of the ear Location: The epiglottis (part of the larynx) and the pinnae (the external ear flaps)
       • Dense
         • Regular
           • Function: Transfers force to the bones Location: Tendons and ligaments
         • Irregular
           • Function: Provides strength to the skin, making it resistant to tearing Location: In the deep layer of the dermis, also in the sclera and deeper skin layers
         • Elastic
           • Function: Allows ligaments to return to its original length after stretching Location: Tendons, ligaments, and lower layers of the skin
       • Bone
         • Function: Binds bones together, attaches muscle to bones; transfers force from muscle to bone Location: Found in every bone in the body
       • Liquid
         • Aka blood Function: Carries oxygen and other things throughout the body Location: Everywhere in the body

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