REFERENCING IN ACTION

REFERENCING IN ACTION

1. A: BOOK

   • • Name(s) of author(s) or originator(s)
   • • The year of publication.
   • • Main title of the book
   • • Title of a chapter
   • • Name (s) of editor(s)
   • • State edition
   • Place of publication and publisher.
   • • Page number or other numeration

2. Parliamentary publications

   • Parliamentaru publications categories
     • Minutes of proceedings
       • Parliamentary debates
         • Hansard is the collective name of the independent record of debates and speeches inthe Chamber of the House of Commons, sub-chamber in Westminster Hall and inStanding Committees of the House of Lords. The impartial recording of parliamentaryproceedings dates from the early nineteenth century
           • For all styles of referencing the following abbreviations should be used:
             • HC Deb: House of Commons DebateW: Written AnswersWH: Westminster HallWS: Written StatementsSC: Standing Committeec: column numbers.
   • Command papers
   • Select Committee reports
   • Legal documents
     • Students on law degree or related courses will learn a referencing style that is particularto this subject, which is usually the Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities(OSCOLA). This is the style used by the Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal,which contributed to its development. However, students on other courses, whooccasionally have to cite legal cases, may also find this section helpful.
   • Case citationCase citation is a frequent occurrence in law course assignments. You need to include:•Names of the parties•Year, in square or round brackets (see below discussion for when to do this)•Volume number•Abbreviated name of the law report series•First page of the reference.
   • UK Acts of Parliament (Statutes)These are Acts passed by Parliament, which eventually receive royal assent and becomelaw. You would normally list the source in the full reference, as follows:•Title of Act and year•The part: pt, and section: s, and/or•The schedule: sch, and section: s.Example:Citation: (Data Protection Act 1998)Reference: Data Protection Act 1998. pt 1, s2.
   • UK statutory instrumentsThese are orders and regulations linked to particular Acts and should be referenced byname, date and serial number (where available).Subsidiary words in long titles within the in-text citation may be abbreviated (seeexample below), but the full title must be given in the reference.Example:Citation: (Telecommunications (LBP) (IC) Regulations 2000)Reference: The Telecommunications (Lawful Business Practice) (Interception ofCommunications) Regulations 2000.
   • EC legislationEuropean Community (EC) legislation (Regulations, Directives and Decisions), andother instruments (including Recommendations and Opinions) should be referencedby providing the legislation type, number and title, then publication details from theOfficial Journal (OJ) of the European Communities. Be warned, these references can belengthy!
   • Standards and patents
     • Standards and patents, International Organization for Standardization (ISO, Patents
   • Course manuals and lecture notes
     • Primary (extract 1)When choosing from the mix of promotional activities available to market a prod-uct, the market objectives should be the main driving force. Low (2004) has sug-gested four main questions: who is your target group? What do you want them todo? When do you want them to act? And how much are you prepared to spend tocommunicate with them?Secondary (Extract 2)Marketing Communications has been defined by Fill as a process ‘through which anorganisation enters into a dialogue with its various audiences’. The objective is to influ-ence in a positive way a particular target audience in its awareness, understandingand actions towards that organisation and its products or services’ (Fill 2002, ascited in Lowe, 2004, p.2).
   • -Unpublished work-Dissertation-Unpublished conference papers-Archive material-Unpublished proceedings of a meeting-
   • Cartographic material: maps and atlases-Atlases-Maps-
   • Graphs and charts: It is important to cite and reference all sources imported in, or used to construct graphs,tables and charts in your assignments.
   • Visual art and graphics:Painting exhibited in a gallery-Photographs-Book illustration-Graphic art: cartoon (artist’s name not shown)-

3. Classical texts

   • Students studying the Classics are
     • often given advice on referencing these texts
       • their tutors, but the format for citing sources in the text is normally
         • Name of author
         • Title
         • Details of book/poem
         • Line number.
   • Page numbers should be from the translation or edition cited.
   • The book used should be included in the ‘References’, ‘Bibliography’ or ‘Works cited’ section.

4. N Audio-visual sources

   • includes any transmitted or produced visual and audio
     • Radio and television
       • the names of authors/presenters and producers are not required, start with the title
         • Writer of programme, if relevant to the evidence in question
         • Producer of programme, if relevant to the evidence in question
           • the names of the authors/presenter or producers can normally be found on the websites of the broadcast stations concerned
         • Name of the radio or television network, e.g. BBC Radio 4

5. Audio productions on CD, tape and vinyl LPs

   • Name of writer, if applicable, e.g. song writer, composer, poet
     • Title of item, in inverted commas or italics
       • Specify the medium and (excepting MLA) enclose description within squared brackets, e.g. [CD-ROM]

6. Film sources

   • The title, in italics or underlined
     • Year of release (or production, if emphasizing DVD or VHS medium)
       • Medium, e.g. [DVD] in squared brackets (exception of MLA)

7. Public performances and events

   • Play
     • to give details of the playwright and the publisher of the script, particularly when referring to dialogue
   • Dance
     • the reference will depend on the context of the assignment and what is being discussed.
   • Music
     • the title of the work (in italics or underlined), followed by name of composer, then give details of the performance, including name of performers and place of performance.

8. B: PAMPHLETS, BOOKLETS, BROCHURES AND LEAFLET

   • • Name(s) of author(s) or originator(s). if no author’s name is shown, either start with the name of the organisation producing the booklet, or if that is not obvious, the title of it
   • • Year of publication, and edition, if applicable
   • • State the medium, if not obvious, e.g. [Leaflet].
   • • Title, in italics or underlined.
   • Editor(s), if applicable: (indicated Ed./Eds.).
   • Place of publication and publisher
   • • Page number or other numeration, if applicable.

9. C: JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS

   • • Name of writer
   • • Title of article
   • • Name of journal, in italics or underlined
   • • Volume and issue number (if applicable) and page numbers. If it is a special edition or supplement to a journal, you need to indicate this, e.g. (Suppl.).

10. D: OCCASIONAL PAPERS AND REPORTS

    • • Author’s name (if given)
    • • If no name of author, start with name of organization
    • • Year of publication
    • • Full title of the report, in italics or underlined
    • • Subsection or subtitle information and edition number
    • • Place of publication
    • • Name of the publisher or originating organization
    • • Volume, sections, page number(s) if not cited in the text. abbreviations ‘p.’, or ‘pp.’ can be used, if required, for all styles, except MLA.

11. E: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS (NON-PARLIAMENTARY)

    • • Name of author(s) or name of government department or agency. You may also need to mention the country of origin, if it is not obvious from the place of publication
    • • Year of publication
    • • Title of article or the title of publication, in italics or underlined
    • • Place of publication and name of official publisher
    • Volume or edition date number, table or page number, if applicable

12. Referencing electronic sources

    • Electronic sources are very important to students.
      • for example, is quick, accessible and easy to use
    • there are drawbacks to using electronic sources
      • students often experience considerable difficulty in citing and referencing them
    • Common mistakes
      • You should not put a www address as a citation
      • You do not need a separate list of www sites in your ‘References’, ‘Works cited’ or ‘Bibliography’ sections.
      • Paste in a URL address to a list of references, without any other supporting information

13. Academic journal articles

    • are those containing scholarly articles that are usually peer reviewed
      • articles are accessible via your institution library.
        • Begin the reference entry with the name or names of the authors, and year of publication.
        • State the title of the article, then give the name of the journal and details of volume, edition, and page numbers.
        • With the Harvard, Numerical and MLA styles, include the name of the database.
        • Give the DOI or URL, and (APA excepted) the date you accessed the site.

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