HUMAN MEMORY

HUMAN MEMORY

1. ENCODING:First stage which refers to a process by which information is recorded and registered for the first time so that it becomes usable by our memory system.

2. STORAGE: second stage of memory where the information which was encoded must also be stored so that it can be put to later use.

3. RETRIEVAL:third stage of memory wherein information can be used only when one is able to recover it from hi/her memory.

4. MEMORY SYSTEMS

   • The sensory memory
   • The short term memory
   • The long-term memory
     • TYPES:
       • EPISODIC:contains biological details of or lives. Personal life experiences involved and thus emotional in nature.
       • SEMANTIC:memory of general awareness and knowledge. All concepts, ideas and rules of logic are stored.
   • Information
     • Sensory memory iconic(sight) Echoic(sound) and other senses Store capacity--large Duration--less than one second
       • Short term memory Store capacity-small Duration-less than 30 seconds
         • Long term memory Permanent Store capacity-unlimited Duration- upto a lifetime

5. Chunking: A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.

6. Levels of processing

   • 1.Shallow level of processing--Structural processing
     • 2.Intemediate level--Phonetic processing
       • 3.Deepest level--Semantic processing
   • Craik and Lockhart 1972

7. CONCEPT: a general category of ideas,objects,people or experiences whose members share certain properties.

   • SCHEMA:a network of associations that organises and guides an individual's perceptions.

8. Forgetting due to trace decay: also called as disuse theory. Memory leads to modifications in the CNS which is akin to physical changes in the brain called memory traces.

   • Forgetting due to Interference: assumes that learning and memorising involves forming of association between itmes and once acquired, they remain intact in the memory.

9. PROACTIVE:(forward moving)past experience interferes with present.

   • RETROACTIVE:(back moving)present interferes with past.

10. MNEMONICS:

    • USING IMAGES:1. keyword method 2.Method of Loci
    • USING ORGANISATION: 1.Chunking 2. First letter technique

11. Other approaches to memory improvement

    • A. Engage in deep level processing
      • B.Minimise interference
        • C.Give yourself enough retrieval cues

12. PQRST METHOD

    • preview
      • Question
        • Read
          • Self-recite
            • test