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Shoulder Injuries

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Shoulder Injuries

Structure of Shoulder (Anatomy)
- Brachial Plexus
- Muscles
  - teres major
  - deltoid
  - rotator cuff muscles
    - subscapularis
    - teres minor
    - supraspinatus
    - infraspinatus
  - pectoralis muscles
    - minor
    - major
- Bones
  - humerus
    - head
    - neck
      - anatomical
      - surgical
    - shaft
  - clavicle
    - 2 ends
      - acromial (lateral)
      - sternal (medial)
    - 2 surfaces
      - superior (smooth)
      - inferior (rough)
  - scapula
    - 3 borders
      - medial, lateral, superior
    - 2 surfaces
      - anterior, posterior
    - 4 fossae
      - Glenoid fossa Subscapularis fossa Supraspinatus fossa Infraspinatus fossa
    - 2 processes
      - acromion, coracoid
Causes
- dislocation
- Rotator cuff disorders
  - example
    - swimmer's shoulder
      - definition
        a condition where swimmers often aggravate their shoulders while they swim due to the constant joint rotation.
      - symptoms
        Localized pain
        Tenderness of the affected area
        Increased joint laxity
        Decrease in shoulder strength
        Decreased range of movement
      - causes
        Excessive training
        Bad swimming technique
        Inadequate ‘body roll’
        Overuse of the shoulder joint
  - stages
- Glenohumeral disorders
- Acromioclavicular joint disease
Physical Examination
- looking
  - muscles
  - bones
  - position
  - Symmetry, shape and skin
- palpate
  - Start with temperature end with radial pulse
- special tests
  - Apprehension Test (passive)
  - Apley’s scratch tests (active)
  - Impingement test (active)
- movements
  - active
    - done by patient
  - passive
    - done by doctor
Treatments
- thermotherapy
- cryotherapy
- surgery
- relative rest
- cortisone injections
- physiotherapy
  - electrotherapeutic modalities
    - Therapeutic Ultrasound
    - Low-Level Laser Therapy
    - Interferential Current
    - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
    - Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
  - Laser acupuncture
Sports Medicine
- definition
  - is a branch of medicine that deals with physical traumas and injuries related to sports and exercises. It also relies on stress to improve the sports performance.
- deals with
  - Exercise-induced asthma
  - Concussions
  - Ankle sprains
  - Knee and shoulder injuries
Psychological Impacts
- Depression
- Tension
- Anger
- Low self-esteem