PRAGMATICS 1

PRAGMATICS 1

1. LEECH

   • What does X mean?
   • What do you mean by X?

2. Levinson

   • Study of utterance meaning

3. Not what literally means but how intentions are revealed

4. 1 Appropriateness

   • Relation bt who uses lang and to whom is directed. Adecuacy of utterances to the context in which they occur

5. 2 Non-literal (indirect) meaning

   • The meaning intended by S, which may coincide or not with literal meaning

6. 3 Inference

   • Mental cognitive mechanism, allows us to draw conclusions about what S intends to convey, from literal to non-literal

7. 4 Indeterminacy

   • Utt can be obscure, ambiguous. Inferences must be drawn to determine which meaning we think S intends: I've finished a book

8. 5 Context

   • Crucial for determining Meaning. Same utt by diff person in diff situation changes meaning completely: I love people with good manners

9. 6 Relevance

   • Important principle accounting for how we understand lang, taking every utt as relevant so we understand them in whatever way will make them as relevant as possible: sit down with care

10. 7 Accomodation

    • Background knowledge that we accept as known by S and H, necessary to determine what people mean by what they say, to make sense of the conversation

11. 8 Reflexivity

    • Comments we provide to show how an utt fits into a conversation as a whole/how we want the message to be taken: Indeed, in fact.

12. 9 Misfires

    • Utt not having the expected pragmatic effect, showing how we don't achieve the norm expected for the talk: Stolen gun found by the victim.