3 approaches to Argument

3 approaches to Argument

1. Classical

   • 6 components of the classical approach: intro, state your case, proposition, refutation, substiantion and proof, conclusion.
     • purpose of intro: captures the attention of the audience and urges the audience to consider your case.
     • stating your case: clarify your issue and give necessary background.
     • proposition: state your central proposition or thesis. present the subtopics or supportive points.
     • refutation: analyze the opposition's argument and summarize it. point out faulty reasoning.
     • substantiation and proof: develop your own case. use ethos, pathos, and logos. use good evidence like examples.
     • conclusion: summarizes your most important points and can include appeals to feelings or values.

2. Rogerian

   • components to the Rogerian approach include: an intro, a neutral statement of opposite beliefs, a neutral statement and explanation, an analysis, a proposal.
     • the intro: briefly and objectively defines the issue or problem.
     • stating the opponents view: demonstrates the writer clearly understands the opponent's point of view.
     • neutral statement and explanation of your argument: demonstrates your position and why it is valid.
     • analysis: demonstrates that the two positions have in common and what goals and values they share.
     • proposal: a statement that resolves the issue in s way that shows the interests of both sides of the argument.

3. Toulmin

   • basic components: claim, grounds, warrants, backing, qualifier, rebuttal.
     • Claim: a statement that you are asking the other person to accept.
     • grounds: the basis of a real persuasion. it is made up of hard data and hard facts.
     • warrants: links data and other grounds to a claim.
     • backing: gives the additional support to the warrant by answering questions.
     • qualifier: indicates the strength of the leap from the data to the warrant and could limit how universally the claim applies.
     • rebuttal: a counter agreement proposed by the opposition.
     • Toulim uses GASCAP (generalization, analogy, sign, casualty, authority, principle).