Anatomy

Anatomy

1. Directional Terms

   • Describes the position of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body 
   • Superior/Cranial
     • - Toward the head end of the body  - Upper  Example: The hand is part of the superior (upper) extremity 
     • Toward the head end of the body (Upper part of the body)
   • Inferior/Caudal
     • - Away from the head  - Lower  Example: The foot is part of the inferior (lower) extremity 
     • Away from the head (Lower part of the body)
   • Anterior/Ventral
     • - Front  Example: The kneecap is located on the anterior (front) side of the leg Ventral (Belly) 
     • Front
   • Posterior/Dorsal
     • - Back  Example: The shoulder blades are located on the posterior (back) side of the body.   Dorsal (Fin) 
     • Back
   • Medial
     • - Towards the middle of the body  Example: The middle toe is located towards the middle side of the foot 
     • Towards the middle of the body
   • Lateral
     • - Away from the middle of the body Example: The little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot 
     • Away from the middle of the body
   • Distal
     • - Away or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a part  - Away from or farthest away from the trunk  - Away from or farthest away from the point of origin of a part 
     • Far away from the trunk or origin of a part
   • Proximal
     • - Towards OR nearest to the trunk or the point of origin of the part  - Close or closest to the trunk  - Close or closest to the origin to the part  Example: The proximal end (in this context the end is that closest to the trunk) of the femur joins with the pelvic bone 
     • Close to the trunk or origin of a part

2. Body Cavities

   • Cavities are spaces of the body that contain the internal organs 
   • Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity
     • Pelvic portion
       • Contains:  1. Most of the urogenital system  2. Rectum  - Bound cranially by the abdominal cavity  - Bound dorsally by the sacrum  - Bound laterally by the pelvis  
     • Abdominal portion
       • Contains:  1. Most of the gastrointestinal tract  2. Kidneys  3. Adrenal glands  - Bound cranially by the diaphragm  - Bound laterally by the body wall  - Bound caudally by the pelvic cavity 
   • Thoracic Cavity
     • The chest cavity or upper ventral (belly) Contains: 1. The heart 2. Lungs 3. Trachea4. Esophagus 5. Large blood vessels 6. Nerves - Is laterally bound by the (1) ribs and (2) diaphragm caudally - Is covered by the (1) costal pleura and (2) diaphragmatic pleura 
   • Viscera
     • Internal organs
   • Dorsal Cavity
     • It is the smaller of the two main cavities.  - It contains organs in the posterior (back of the body) in the body  - It can be divided into two portions:  1. Cranial Cavity (Upper portion): Contains the brain  2. Vertebral Canal (Lower portion): Contains the spinal cord 

3. Planes of the Body

   • Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
     • A vertical plane running from side to side, splits the body or any of its parts into the front and back  -  Splits by the ear  - Splits the body into posterior and anterior  - Plane runs from left to right 
   • Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
     • A vertical plane that splits the body or any of its parts into left and right.  - Splits the body symmetrically  - Plane runs from back to front  
   • Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)
     • A horizontal plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts  - Horizontal that splits upper and lower parts 
   • Median Plane
     • A sagittal plane through the midline of the body  - A vertical plane that divides the body or any parts of it into the left and right parts- A vertical plane that splits the midline of the body into left and right parts - Splits the midline symmetrically 

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