Congestive Heart Failure

inability of the heart to deliver a supply of oxygenated blood sufficient to meet the metabolic needs
1. Causes
  1. Right
    1. left-sided HF
      1. chronic lung disease
  2. Left
    1. ischemia
      1. hypertension
        cardiomyopathy
2. Risk factors
  1. Modifiable
    1. Obesity
      1. Diabetes
        Alcohol
        Smoking
  2. Non-modifiable
    1. Age: >65
      1. Gender: males
        Genetics
3. Classification
4. Signs & Symptoms
5. Investigations
  1. Blood test
    1. ECG
      1. Echocardiogram
        Chest radiography
    2. BNP , Troponin
6. Management
  1. Pharmacological
    1. ACE Inhibitors
      1. ARBs
        b-blockers
        Vasodilators
        Digoxin
        Aldosterone Antagonists
  2. Non-Pharmacological
    1. reduce salt
      1. stop smoking & alcohol
        Rest & Exercise
        Heart transplant
7. Prognosis
Dyspnea
Edema
1. Heart Failure
  1. increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Pulmonary Edema
    1. Systemic Edema
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
1. benign overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against urethra & bladder, blocking flow of urine
  1. Clinical presentation
    1. Frequency, Urgency , Nocturia
      1. Weak stream
        Straining
        Smooth, enlarged prostate
  2. Anatomy
  3. Risk factors
    1. Older age
      1. Diabetes
        CVS disease
        Family history
  4. Investigations
    1. Urine analysis
      1. Ultrasound
        PSA
  5. Treatment
    1. Alpha Blockers
      1. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
        Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
2. Histopathology
3. Histology

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Congestive Heart Failure

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	Creado por Marwa Alqassim hace más de 3 años