AHMAD CANNOT RUN​

AHMAD CANNOT RUN​

1. Anatomy of leg

   • Bone
   • Muscles
     • 3rd layer
       • 1. Flexor hallucis brevis2. Adductor hallucis3. Flexor digiti minimibrevis
     • 1st layer
       • 1. Abductor hallucis,2. Flexor digitorumbrevis,3. Abductor digitiminimi
     • 2nd layer
       • 1. Quadratus plantae, 2. Lumbricals,3. Flexor digitorum longustendon,4. Flexor hallucis longustendon
     • 4th layer
       • 1. Interossei, (3 plantar + 4dorsal).2. Peroneus longustendon,3. Tibialis posterior tendon
   • Arteries
     • Lateral plantar artery
     • Medial plantar artery
   • Nerves
     • deep

2. DIAGNOSIS OF MUSCLE PROBLEMS

   • Electromyography
   • History Taking
   • Imaging
   • Physical Examination
   • Blood Tests
   • Specialized Tests
   • Muscle Biopsy

3. TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF DMD

   • Surgery
     • Orthopedic surgeries
     • Cardiac surgeries ( DMD can lead to cardiomyopathy)
     • Gastrointestinal surgeries
     • Respiratory surgeries
   • Physiotherapy
     • ROM and stretching exercises
     • Low impact aerobic exercise
     • Braces
     • Mobility aids
   • Medications
     • Corticosteroids (prednisone, deflazacort)
     • Heart medications (angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or beta blockers)
     • New medications (eteplirsen, golodirsen)
   • Gene therapy
     • Gene therapy for DMD is designed to induce production of a shortened but functional version of dystrophin, known as a micro-dystrophin protein.​

4. LEARNING ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH DMD

   • Emotional adjustment
     • Low Social Cognition
     • Autistic spectrum disorder
     • Depression, anxiety and ADHD
   • Learning Disabilities
     • Low emotional regulation
     • Spatial Disorganization
     • Difficulty reading
   • Cognitive Challenges
     • Language and speech delay
     • Intellectual disability
     • Difficulties in Attention, Listening, and Memory

5. Clinical manifestations of DMD

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