BMAT Chemistry

BMAT Chemistry

1. Atoms

   • Plum pudding vs Bohr
   • Atomic Structure
   • reactions to produce compounds
     • ionic and covalent
   • Volatility- liquid heated- fast moving surface materials overcome forces of attraction and evaporate- volatility is how easily it evaporates
   • testing for ions
     • flame test on positive metal ions
       • Lithium- crimson
       • Sodium yellow
       • Potassium lilac
       • Calcium- red
       • Barium Green
       • Common Gas test
         • cl- bleach litmus paper
         • oxygen relights glowing splint
         • Hydrogen- squeaky pop
       • Negative Ions
         • Acid + carbonate= carbon dioxide
         • Halide- silver nitrate test
         • add dilute HCL followed by barium chloride= white precipitate

2. Extraction of metals

   • ore=enough metal to be economically viable
   • Reduction with carbon- oxygen from ore is removed
     • Reactivity series- if it is less reactive than carbon it can be extracted using it
   • if it's more reactive it can be extracted using electrolysis
   • Displacement
     • reactive metal add dissolved metal compound- reactive metal will replace the less reactive metal
     • scrap iron can displace copper from a solution

3. Organic Chemistry

   • Fractional Distillation
   • Alkanes
   • Alkenes
     • reactive c=c
       • Electrophilic Addition
     • Bromine water test
     • Addition polymers
       • HDPE- low temp, low pressure + catalyst
       • LDPE- high temp and pressure
   • Complete vs incomplete combustion
   • alcohols
     • solvents
     • fuels
   • Carboxylic Acids
     • React with carbonates

4. Classifying materials

   • bonding- ionic vs covalent
   • Isotopes
   • Group 1
     • Reactivity increases down the group
     • Reaction with cold water produces hydrogen and a hydroxide
     • Form ionic compounds with non metals
   • Halogens
     • Down the group- less reactive bc it's harder to gain an electron
       • high mp/bp
       • React with alkali metals to form salts
       • Displacment
       • chlorine + sodium hydroxide > bleach + sodium chloride +water
   • Transition Metals
     • good catalysts

5. Calculations in chemistry

   • Relative atomic mass from mass spectrum
   • Empirical Formula
   • 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm cubed
   • percentage yield

6. Chemical Change

   • Acids and Alkali
     • Neutralisation producing a salt and water
     • acids produce protons
     • Strong= ionise completely- weak acids= do not fully ionise
       • strong acid better electrical conductor
     • Acids + metal= salt + Hydrogen
     • Hydrochloric acid produces chloride salts/ sulfuric acids produce sulfate salts
     • Metal oxides and Metal Hydroxides are Bases
       • acid + metal carbonate > salt + carbon dioxide + water
       • salts of carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble
   • Energy Transfer
     • Exothermic vs Endothermic
       • reversible reactions
     • Break bonds requires energy, make bonds releases energy
     • calorimiter
       • Q= MC delta T
     • Equilibrium
       • Temp/pressure/conc
       • Haber process- comprimise
         • iron catalyst

7. Rates of Reaction

   • Temp, Conc, Catalyst , surface area
     • collision theory- increased collisions= increased rate of reaction
   • Reactant used (or product formed) over time

8. Electrolysis

   • splitting using electricity- +ive ions to cathode, -tive ions to anode
     • more reactive ions displace hydrogen and stay in the solution longer
       • electroplating- use electrolysis to coat the surface of a metal with another metal

9. Water

   • hard water
     • produces scum with soap and scale when heated
       • healthy teeth and bones and less heart disease
         • temporary hardness is removed by boiling
         • both removed by adding sodium carbonate and ion exchange columns