null
US
Iniciar Sesión
Regístrate Gratis
Registro
Hemos detectado que no tienes habilitado Javascript en tu navegador. La naturaleza dinámica de nuestro sitio requiere que Javascript esté habilitado para un funcionamiento adecuado. Por favor lee nuestros
términos y condiciones
para más información.
Siguiente
Copiar y Editar
¡Debes iniciar sesión para completar esta acción!
Regístrate gratis
42828
Organic Synthesis
Descripción
Chemistry Mapa Mental sobre Organic Synthesis, creado por Cindy Lam el 10/04/2013.
Sin etiquetas
chemistry
chemistry
Mapa Mental por
Cindy Lam
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Más
Menos
Creado por
Cindy Lam
hace alrededor de 11 años
168
0
0
Resumen del Recurso
Organic Synthesis
HSW:Artificial Sweeteners
Sweetness with few calories
The first - Saccharin (benzoic sulfinide)
Unstable when heated
Does not react chemically with other food ingredients
Stores well
Unlike sucrose, it has no energy value
Calorie free
Fahlberg and Remsen
High doses → bad health?
Cyclamate
Discovered accidentally by Sveda
Not as sweet as saccharin but does not leave aftertaste
Sodium or calcium salt of cyclamic acid
Prepared by sulfonation of cyclohexylamine
Cyclohexylamine it believed to be toxic in animals
Aspartame
Dipeptide of phenylalanine and aspartic acid
1965 Schlatter
200 times sweeter than sucrose and dissolves readily in water
Tends to interact with other chemicals in food
Decomposes hen heated strongly
Bacterial Fermentation, Synthesis, Purification
Identifying organic molecules for synthesis
Sensitive chemical analysis
Step by Step
Consider toxic, hazardous compounds
Consider optical isomers: stereo-selectivity
Quantitative methods
% of elements
Combustion analysis: % C,H
Empirical formula
Mass spectrometer → RMM → Molecular formula
Characteristic reactions of functional groups
Adjunto:
Organic compounds
Modern techniques
IR spectroscopy
Functional groups
Mass spectrometry
RMM
Ion fragments → possible groups
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Groups of H atoms
Difficult, more steps → more difficult
Predicting properties of organic compounds
Physical
Isomers
Functional group → H bond → ↑ mp/bp
Chemical
Functional group
Electrophiles, neutrophiles
Addition, Sustitution
Oxidation, reduction
Acid, base
Solubility
Planning synthetic routes
Now may use computers
+/- C from organic molecule
+: RX reflux with KCN dissolved in ethanol → nitrile, hydrolysis → RCOOH
+: Friedel-Crafts alkylation
-: Hofmann's degradation (amide + Br2 + KOH + heat → amine)
-: Hunsdiecker reaction
Reaction pathways
Choosing synthesis route
Starting material, mass production e.t.c.
Synthesis of stereo specific drugs
Enantiomeric drugs
SN1 → racemic mixture
Usually only one enantiomer is useful, the other may be harmful
Thalidomide
Separate and test enantiomers
Making single enantiomers
Reduced amounts can be given → less side effects
Separate enantiomers
Thin-layer chromatography
£££
Asymmetric synthesis
Make only one enantiomer
£££
Extreme condtions
Chiral auxillaries
Direct functional groups
Keep costs down
Enzymes
HSW: thalidomide
Still used in treatment of leprosy, cancer
Control measures for hazards
Fume cupboard, reduce scale, safer route or reactants
Hazard: the potential to cause harm
Hazcard
Risk: the likelihood of harm
Risk assessment
Control measures to reduce risk
Combinatorial chemistry
Enables automated processes to carry out routine reactions very quickly and accurately
Used to make structurally similar compounds
Data libraries → drug development
Similar drugs, possible uses
Save time, more compounds synthesised
Mostrar resumen completo
Ocultar resumen completo
¿Quieres crear tus propios
Mapas Mentales
gratis
con GoConqr?
Más información
.
Similar
Ionic Bondic Flashcards.
anjumn10
Acids and Bases
silviaod119
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
silviaod119
The Periodic Table
asramanathan
Acids, Bases and Salts
asramanathan
Chemical Symbols
Keera
Organic Chemistry
Ella Wolf
Acids and Bases
Sarah Egan
Using GoConqr to study science
Sarah Egan
C1 Quiz
Leah Firmstone
Electrolysis
lisawinkler10
Explorar la Librería