Scientific Exploration

Scientific Exploration

1. Ocean scientists continued in the wake of early explorers and navigators by investigating the oceans in a quest for scientific knowledge

   • Early scientific Explorers
     • James Cook=
       • James Cook was an Explorer who mapped the south pacific in search of Australia
         • HE WAS British!
         • Discovered the importance of vitamin c to prevent scurvy
           • Created many detailed maps but was killed exploring Hawaii in 1779
             • Ben Franklin
               • first to map the gulf stream
                 • amazingly accurate map of the warm water current that runs north along the east
                   • Developed the theory of evolution
                     • Beginning of Oceanography
                       • Challenger(1873-1876)
                         • a refitted british warship which crossed all the major oceans collecting samples, 50 volumes worth of data. as a result, 4700 species were discovered
                           • Matthew Fantaine Maury(1925)
                             • american naval officer considered to be the father of oceanography
                               • published "the physical geography of the sea
                                 • "Meteor" a German research ship used
                                   • Milestone Inventions
                                     • SONAR(Sound navigation ranging)= a technique that uses sound(usually underwater) to navigate, communicate or to detect vessels and marine animals
                                       • Nansen Bottle= invented in 1895 used to sample water and get temperature readings at different depths
                                         • Global Positioning Satellite(GPS)= used to determine exact location on Earth's surface
                                           • Jim Suit=used in dives of up to 1800 feet constructed of carbon fiber reinforced plastic. it helps maintain interior pressure despite exterior pressure
                                             • Tropical Atmosphere Ocean(TAO) Array= each buoy has instruments that records air and sea temperature and they transmit data to satellites daily. used to predict el nino
                                               • Self contained breathing apparatus(SCUBA)= invented by Jaques Cousteau in 1943
                                                 • Bends= when you resurface too fast. you would need to be put in a Hyperbaric Chamber
                                                   • Otter Trawl= a large net within wooden door that open and shut. used to collect biological samples
                                                     • Phytoplankton net= smalll mesh net with collection bottle used to collect plankton
                                                       • Voyages of Discovery
                                                         • earliest explorations= first sailing vessels around 300 b.c. powered by wind. important discovery because sail allowed for faster and further travel
                                                           • Pheonicians= around 2000 b.c. earliest skilled ocean traders(Lebanon). by 700 b.c. they sailed around africa
                                                             • vikings= very successful even during the dark ages 8th-11th century. origin was present day norway, denmark and sweden. ship design was far superior to anything else in that time. ships were 45-90 feet in length and powered by sail and oar
                                                               • Technology
                                                                 • AUV= Autonomous underwater vehicles. ex: A.L.V.I.N. ROV= remote operated vehicle. ex: J.A.S.O.N
                                                                   • PEOPLE TO REMEMBER
                                                                     • Balboa= first person to see the pacific ocean. crossed panama by land. verzzano= sailed from italy. Jaques Cousteau= invented the diving suit, developed water proof comera. charles darwin- invented evolution and explored galapagos. james cook= discovered vitamin c prevents scurvy. matthew fontaine maury= father of oceanography, wrote "the physical geography of the sea.
                                                                   • GPS= Global Positioning System. used to track exact loction
                                                                     • Diving: SCUBA= Self contained underwater breathing apparatus. Jim suit= used in dives of up to 1800 feet made of carbon fiber. maintains interior pressure. FLIP= Floating instrument platform. flips 90 degrees and dives. william beebe= invented the bathysphere which is a steel hull used in dives.