Direct Effect

Direct Effect

1. SUPREMACY

   • applied harmoniously
   • relationships between MS & the EU

2. Regulations

   • clear, precise, unconditional & creates a right
     • no further action needed
   • Creation of direct effect
   • van Gend en Loos
   • Defrenne V SABENA
     • horizontal & vertical
   • directly applicable
   • automatically becomes law

3. Horizonital effect

   • individuals v individuals
     • there cannot be horizontal effect with Directives
     • individuals can form rights

4. Vertical effect

   • provision/obligation against the state
     • Article 258

5. automatically enforceable

   • creates actual obligations

6. Article 288

   • creates obligations
   • "binding in entirety to whom addressed"
   • "general application & directly applicable
   • not created in Treaties

7. Decisions

   • Grad v Finanzamt

8. SUPRANATIONALISM

   • citizens can enforce EU laws