thermal energy

1. specific heat capacity

   Nota:

   • heat energy needed tp raise 1kg of a substance by 1K
2. heat transfer

Nota:

• internal energy is randomly distributed across all molecules  according to Maxwell-Boltzmann  distribution.

1. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

   Nota:

   • graph obtained by plotting kinetic energy against no. of molecules having that energy
   • characteristic shape of the graph shows that : 1- there are no molecules with 0 energy 2- only a few molecules have high energy 3- there is no maximum value of energy a molecule can have
   • this graph is for one specific temp. as temp. changes so does the graph. the peak on the graph goes towards higher energy as temp. increases.
   1. Boltzmann constant,k, is 1.38*10^-23 J/K
2. sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of all molecules within a body

1. unit is Kelvin,K