Programming Languages

Programming Languages

1. What is programming?

   • Programming is the process of writing a program using a computer language.
   • Programming language
     • FORTRAN
       • used for scientific and mathematical applications
     • COBOL
       • popular for business applications.
     • BASIC
       • used as a teaching language;Visual BASIC is now used to create Windows applications
     • C
       • used to write system software, graphics and commercial programs.
     • Java
       • designed to run on the Web; Java applets are small programs that run automatically on web pages and let you watch animated characters, and play music and games.
   • Formatting Language
     • CSS
       • Widely used on the Web and was created with the purpose of director stylize HTML pages
   • Markup Language
     • HTML
       • the code used to create Web pages.

2. History

   • 1º Mechanical programmable calculator by Charlles Babbage. (Project not completed). 2º 1945 Plankalkul by Konrad Zuse, It was programmed by punched cards. It was the first programming language.(It had no impact for future languages.) 3º 1954 FORTRAN by John Backus. The First language programming to become quite popular.   
   • 1801 Punch cards
     • The first computers were programmed with punch cards.
     • 1842 Ada Lovelace
       • Ada, Countess of Lovelace, develops an algorithm for Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine. The algorithm computed Bernoulli numbers and made Ada the world’s first computer programmer
       • 1942 ENIAC
         • The ENIAC computer was developed by the U.S. Government. It could only be programmed by presetting switches and rewiring the system.
         • 1945 John Von Neumann
           • John Von Neumann,conceived of two ideas which changed the course of computer programming. 1 - the “program” should be changeable without changing the hardware. 2 - hat computer programs should be broken down into small bits of conditionally executed code that could be jumped to from anywhere in the program. This allowed IF, ELSE and LOOP structures to be written into computer programs.
           • 1949 Short Code - first programming language - hand-compiled
             • Short Code, the first programming language, was developed, based on Von Neumann’s ideas. Unfortunately, it had to be “hand-compiled” — that is, someone had to translate the program in binary (1s and 0s) by hand.
             • 1951 Short Code - automatically
               • Grace Hopper, working for Remington Rand, begins development a compiler for Shortcode that automatically translates (“compiles”) code into binary.
               • 1954 Fortran
                 • The draft specification for FORTRAN, the first programming language to gain widespread use, is completed.   The team that developed FORTRAN is headed up by John Backus. FORTRAN is still in use today, over six decades later.
                 • 1959 COBOL
                   • The Conference on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL) creates COBOL.
                   • 1964 BASIC
                     • BASIC, a programming language designed to help people learn how to write computer programs, was invented at Dartmouth University by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz.
                     • 1980 C whit Classes
                       • The early version of what would become C++, called “C with Classes” is developed by Bjarne Stroustup.
                       • 1991 HTML - JAVA - PYTHON
                         • -HTML is described for the first time, by Tim Berners-Lee. - Work begins on Java. - Python is invented.
                         • 1994 PHP
                           • PHP is invented.
                           • 1995 HTML 2.0 - JavaScript
                             •  - HTML 2.0 is released. - JavaScript is invented. It was developed in a period of only 10 days, by Brendan Eich
                             • 1997 HTML 4.0 - PHP 3.0
                               • - HTML 4.0 is released.  - PHP 3.0 is released.
                               • 2004 PHP5
                                 • - PHP 5, the current version of the language, is released.
                                 • 2014 HTML5
                                   • - HTML5 is published as a W3C recommendation.

3. Steps

   • 3 - Write code and compile
   • 5 - Debug and correct it if necessary
   • 2 - Make flowchart
   • 1 - Analyze the problem
   • 4 - Test the program and detect bugs
   • 6 - Document and maintain the program

4. Most Popular Coding Languages

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