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Chemistry

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Chemistry

Hydrocarbon Derivatives
- Halogenated Derivatives
  - Functional Group
    - Hydrogens replaced with halogen
      - F or Flour
      - Cl or Chloro
      - Br or Bromo
      - I or Iodo
  - Nomenclature
    - For more explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxQpssQKPZI
    - 1. Appoint chain more long
      - 2. It begins by the end most close to the first substituent.
        3. Will I settle by alphabetical priority
  - Physical properties
    - Boiling Point
      - Increases with molecular mass
      - F < Cl < Br < I
    - Density
      - Iodides and Bromides are more dense
      - Fluorinated and Chlorinated are less dense
    - Solubility
      - they are insoluble in water
  - Chemical Properties
    - They are reactive and have applications in organic synthesis reactions
    - Formation of alcohols
      - Reaction where an alkyl reacts with a strong base
  - Applications
    - Solvents
    - Produce plastics
    - Propellants
    - Foaming agents
    - Refrigerants
    - Agens for dry cleaning
    - Incecticides
- Alcohols
  - Functional Group
    - Hydrogen replaces by hydroxyl groups
      - Example
      - Hydroxyl goup
        - OH
  - Nomenclature
    - 1. Select chain long
      - 2. start with the end more next to - OH
        3. use the same rules of alkanes to indicate other groups
        4. name the main chain with "ol" ending with the number where the Group - OH
        For more explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQ7QSV4JRSs
  - Physical properties
    - Boiling point and Density
      - If they present isomerism, greatest number of ramifications, lower boiling point
      - Climbing according to the molecular mass
    - Solubility
      - Soluble: methanol, ethanol and propanol:
      - Slightly soluble: butanol, pentanol and hexanol
      - Insoluble: heptanol and octanol
      - More branching increases the slubilidad in the water
  - Chemical properties
    - Reaction of Oxidation
      - Rust to Carbonyl Compounds
      - Oxidizing common: copper, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate.
      - Primary alcohols are oxidised to aldehydes
        Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids
      - Secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones
      - Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized
    - Esterification Reaction
      - Alcohols reaction with carboxylic acids with hot acid
        Esters
        Nice smell, synthesize flavors or fragrances of fruit
  - Applications
  - Classification
    - Primary
      - One Radical
    - Secondary
      - Two Radicals
    - Tertiary
      - Three Radical
    - Note: there are no Quaternary because carbon has four atoms and would not have a link to the Group - OH
  - Identification of alcohols
    - They react with sodium metal
    - Esterification reaction form esters
    - Differentiate between alcohols
      - Application lucas
        Turbidity appears to react with HCL in the presence of ZnCl2
      - Ambient temperature
        Tertiary alcohols: immediately
        Secondary alcohols: five minutes
        Primary: almost did not make it
  - Methods for obtaining
    - Natural sources
      - Sugary foods more conditions without air equals ethanol
- Ethers
  - Functional Group
    - Organic derivatives of water
      - Two hydrogens replaced by organic radicals
    - Symmetrical
    - Asymmetric
  - Nomenclature
    - Two ways to name them
      - Two groups R
        Ether
      - Ether
        Alkyl or aryl
        Added completion "ico"
    - For more explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWjOHSM0S_I
  - Physical properties
    - More lighter than water
    - Pleasant smell
    - Boiling points similar to the alkanes and less than alcohols
    - Polar
    - Solubility
      - Is similar to the alcohols
  - Application
- Aldehydes
  - Functional Group
    - Carbonyl group
      - Atom of hydrogen attached to the carbonyl group
  - Physical properties
    - Four atoms are water-soluble, but seven are insoluble
    - Boiling points greater than the hydrocarbons but lower alcohols
    - Density lower than water
  - Nomenclature
    - Systematics
      - Rules same as name alkanes
        Added termination "al"
        Starts the chain of the end location of the aldehyde
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeyBfrx5RJY
  - Chemical properties
    - Oxidation reaction
      - Easy oxidation
        Carboxylic acids
  - Application
    - ETC.
- Ketones
  - Functional Group
    - Carbonyl Group
      - Is attached to two carbon atoms
  - Nomenclature
    - Systematics
      - Rules same as name alkanes
        Added terminatio "one"
        It begins the chain of branching more close
        where number is the ketone
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD15pD5pCt4
  - Physical properties
    - Density lower than water
    - Four atoms are water-soluble, but seven are insoluble
    - Boiling points greater than the hydrocarbons but lower alcohols
  - Chemical Properties
    - Oxidation reaction
      - Hard oxidation
        Carboxylic acids
  - Application
- Carboxylic Acids
  - Application
  - Physical properties
    - high melting points
    - colorless and soluble
    - they are liquids up to nine carbons
    - Boling points more than alcohols
  - Functional Group
    - combination of group Carbonyl and hydroxyl
  - Chemical properties
    - they are very acid
  - Nomenclature
    - the carboxyl carbon is considered the number one chain
      - follow the rules of the alkanes
        writes first acid and it ends with "oico"
        two groups ends "dioico""
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8h7QgevqjM
- Amines
  - amines and cancer
    - aromatic amines
      - cancer
        2-aminonaphthalene and the bendicina
  - Nomenclature
    - in alphabetical groups alkyl or aryl
      - added the suffix "amina"
        f the substituents are the same used "di or tri"
        For more information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpov3GS6tjM
  - Clasification
    - secondary
      - two hiddrogenos replaced
    - tertiary
      - three hydrogens replaced
    - primary
      - one hydrogen replaced
  - Functional Group
    - nitrogen compounds
      - hydrogens replaced by groups Alkyls or arils
  - Physical propierties
    - molecular mass increases, boiling point increases
    - water soluble small amines