MIGRATION

MIGRATION

1. Rural-Urban migration (urbanisation)

   • Push factors
     • Lack of running water
     • Lack of services
     • No local schools and hospitals (no education, no healthcare
     • Lack of farm machinery
     • Unemployment
     • Population increases resulting in lack of food
     • Natural disasters
   • Pull factors
     • Good education facilities
     • Better food supply
     • Available services
     • Entertainment
     • Variety of jobs
     • Medical care
     • Better quality of life
   • INTERNAL MIGRATION

2. Urban-Rural migration (counter-urbanisation)

   • Pull factors
     • More job opportunities and transport facilities
     • Bigger houses available
     • Better education
     • Safer environment to raise a child in
     • Less social problems such as discrimination
     • Calm
   • Push factors
     • Crime, vandalism
     • Crowded, congested
     • Polluted
   • Impacts
     • Local wealth creation
     • Prices too high for locals
     • Pressure on services
     • Pollution
     • More dangerous environment
     • Deforestation
     • Increase in conflicts
     • Wildlife destruction

3. International migration

   • Forced
     • Racism - social
     • Conflicts
     • Slavery
     • Religious discrimination
     • Scarce food
     • natural disasters
   • Voluntary
     • Economic migrants
     • Family, friends
     • Nicer environment, climate
     • Better standards of living

4. Impacts

   • Destination countries
     • Racism - social
     • Congestion on services
     • More crime ( poor inmigrants) - social, economical
     • Lack of resources due to an increase in population
     • Increasing workforce in ageing popùlations (creation of wealth) - economic
     • Cultural difusion - social
     • Increase in birth rate in ageing populations - demographic
   • Countries of origin
     • Brain drain
     • Brain drain - Kazakhstan
     • Ageing population
     • Male drain
       • Gender imbalance
     • Jelous and resented locals in the future - social conflicts
     • Migrants contribute to the economy by sending money
     • Migrants return with new abilities
     • Decrease in population - less demand for scarce resources
   • Migrants themselves
     • Suffer racism, discrimination - isolation, depression
     • Have finantial problems
     • Lost of self-esteem due to poor jobs and exploitation
     • Possible death in sea crossing
     • Pressure for money from family
     • Earn money
     • Family proud of them
     • Gain skills