Physics Final Exam

Physics Final Exam

1. Chapter 14: Temperature and Heat

   • System
     • Contains multiple particles
     • Macroscopic
       • individual particle
     • microscopic
       • variable like position and velocity of a particular particle
   • Temperature and Heat
     • Thermal Equilibrium
       • When it is reached, two systems have the same temperature
     • Heat, the energy that flows between two systems
       • 1 Cal= 4.186J
       • Farenheit, Celcius, Kelvins
   • Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
     • Zeroth Law- If two systems A and B are in equilibrium and B and C are as well, then A and C are as well
   • Phases of Matter and Phase Changes
     • Solid, Liquid, Gas
     • Internal Energy (U)
       • Sum of potential Energies associated with all the intermolecular bonds plus the kinetic energies of all the molecules
     • specific Heat capacity
       • Q=mc(change in T)
     • Calorimetry
       • Finding the specific heat of a system
     • Latent heat
     • latent heat fusion

2. Chapter 15: Gases and Kinetic Theory

   • Molecular Picture of a Gas
     • Avogadro's number
       • Na=6.02*10^23
       • number of particles in one mole
     • atomic mass
       • the mass (in grams) of a natural sample of the element containing 1 mole of atoms
   • Ideal Gases: An Experimental Perspective
     • Avodgadro's Law
       • a sample of gas at constant pressure and temperature, the volume is proportional to the number of molecules in the sample
     • Boyle's Law
       • Gas at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is constant
     • Charles Law
       • gas at constant pressure, temperature is changed by a small amount, the volume changes by an amount
     • Gay-Lussac's Law
       • gas container held at constant volume, changes in pressure are proportional to changes in temperature
   • Ideal Gases and Newton's Laws
     • Ideal Gas Law
       • PV=nRT
     • PV=N((mV^2)/3)
   • Kinetic Theory
     • KE=(3/2)Kb*T
     • V=SQRT((3*Kb*T)/(m))

3. Chapter 16: Thermodynamics

   • Exchanging energy with the environment
   • Zeroth Law, Meaning of Temperature
     • Temperature is a quantity that determines the way heat flows in a system
   • First Law and conservation of Energy
     • Internal Energy (U)
     • First Law
       • If an amount of heat Q flows into a system from its environment and an amount of work W is done by the system on its environment, the internal energy of the system changes by an amount
         • (change in U)=Q-W
   • Processes
     • Isobaric
       • constant pressure, makes a horizontal line in a P-V diagram
     • isothermal
       • temperature is constant, expansion and compression
     • isochoric
       • volume is constant, makes a vertical line in a P-V diagram, work is zero
   • Second Law
     • Heat flows spontaneously from a warm object to a colder one. It is not possible for heat to flow spontaneously from a cold object to a warmer one
   • Third Law, Absolute Zero
     • Third law- It is impossible for the temperature of a system to reach absolute zero