Mapa mental

PERSONALITY & INDIV. DIFFS

Jada Khan Inglés

Mind map on personality and individual differences: traits, intelligence, dark personalities and emotional intelligence

Mind map: personality and individual differences

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PERSONALITY & INDIV. DIFFS

PERSONALITY TRAITS
- personality TYPES
  - EG. JUNGS TYPOLOGY OF 8 TYPES
    - DISCONTINUOUS CATERGORIES
      - DISTINCT CATERGORIES
        QUALITATIVE indiv. diffs
        you either ARE this type or you're NOT
- personality TRAITS
  - CONTNUOUS DIMENSIONS
    - QUANTITATIVE indiv diffs
      - people differ in DEGREE of traits not whether they have it or not
      - relatively STABLE
- Traits, states, evaluations
  - trait - general tendency / disposition
    - state - transient psychological condition
      - evaluation - judgement of person's character
        linked to social norms / taboos
      - related to environment
    - neurotic
  - trait models use NOMOTHETIC approach - comparing traits
- ALLPORT
  - first trait theorist
- CATTELL
  - formula for personality: R = f (SP)
    - R = nature + magnitude of response
      - S = stimulus situation
        P =nature of personality
- CHURCH ET AL
  - GOLDBERG ET AL
  - Cross-cultural studies
- EYESENCK
  - three factor model
  - hierarchical model
- HEXACO model: ASHTON + LEE
  - 6 FACTORS
PERSONALITY CHANGE
- rank order stability
  - high ROS = high correlations between time point A + time point B
  - ROBERTS ET AL.
    - meta analysis of over 100 LONGITUDINAL studies
      - Big 5 traits and non- big 5 traits
        Temperament traits
        self-reports
      - ROS INCREASES with AGE
        Findings
- mean level shifts
  - examining population average rise/ fall
- SLUTSKE ET AL
  - LONGITUDINAL; examine undercontrollled temperament (3 yrs) predicts:
    - disordered gambling in adult life (30s)
- ROBERTS + WALTON
  - LONGITUDINAL; mean-level shifts
  - LARGE SAMPLE: N> 50,000
    - age 10-101
- more likely to choose MILITARY if:
  - low agreeableness
    - low opennness
      - low neuroticism
  - civilian service group
    - ROS increased more than military group
      - despite starting at similar points
PERSONALITY & PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
DARK PERSONALITIES
- DARK TRIAD
  - EVERYDAY sub-clinical "dark" personalities
    - PSYCHOPATHY
      - callous / cold
      - aggressive
      - low empathy
      - high criminality
      - impuslsivity / thrill-seeking
      - low fear
      - successful psychopaths - not in prison
        higher IQ
        greater EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
        greater AUTONOMIC FUNCTION
        INFO PROCESSING
        MODELS
        3
        Differential-severity
        Moderated-expression
        Differential-configuration
        nature of psychopathology = DIFFERENT ENTIRELY
        different affliction but similar expression
        psychotic expression a RESULT of personaity traits - rather than due to clin. psychopathy
        successful: the expression of psychopathic traits is MODERATED by PROTECTIVE FACTORS
        protective factors: higher exec function, etc
        not expressed in as extreme / antisocial ways
        successful psycho's who aren't in jail and who have good jobs = same as unsucc.
        LOWER severity of psychopathy
        competing models!
      - unsuccessful psychopaths
        asymetrical hippocampus
        greater neurological deficits
        less PREFRONTAL GREY MATTER volume
    - MACHIAVELLIANISM
      - cynical
      - do whatever it takes to get their way
        manipulative
      - deceptive
      - hard / soft tactics: pragmatic morality
      - PERCIEVED AS socially charming
      - low empathy - help them better deceive + manipulate
      - low social competecy
        ability to get along well with others
  - PAULHUS AND WILLIAMS
  - NARCISSISM
    - grandiosity
    - dominating
    - high self-esteem + correlated
      - overconfidnence - percieved POSITIVELY
    - entitled
  - "The Dirty Dozen" - JONASON AND WEBSTER
  - Trait vs personality approach
    - darkness or dark FACTORS?
      - PAULHUS AND WILLIAMS
        OVER 200 students studied
        self-reports of:
        individual dark triad
        BIG 5
        Intelligence
        measured cognitive ability + over-claiming bias (overestimating ones ability)
        Findings
        IQ + corr. with NARCISSISM
        Narcissists + psychopaths overestimated intelligence
    - Darkness linked with low Honesty-Humility?
      - HEXACO trait model: H-H factor aligned w prosocial-antisocial behaviour
        dark triad traits LOAD HIGHLY on H-H factor
        factor analysis studies show:
      - Differences between factors
        IQ correlated only w N
        N gets aggressive when EGO threatened
        P gets aggressive when PHYSICALLY threatened
        traid can be broken down into SUB-COMPONENTS
        shown to be diffs in behaviours each predicts - FURNHAM ET AL
INTELLIGENCE
- GALTON
  - developed intelligence tests
- BINET
  - devised techniques to identify school children needing:
    - alternative schooling
      - intro concept of age-relative intelligence/ reading ability
    - extra help
  - SIMON
- TERMAN
  - used BINET-SIMON test on US children : revised as STANFORD-BINET test
- YERKES
  - PRESIDENT of APA
    - applying pyschology to war effort
      - getting soldiers classified for SUITABLE roles
        Army ALPHA test
        language + knowledge oriented
        Army BETA test
        less language oriented: geometry, maze tasks
        tests turned out useless for war
        over 1 mil. were tested!
- SPEARMAN
  - general factor - SPEARMAN'S g
    - g reflected mental energy
      - Two-factor model
- GARDNER
  - Theory of multiple intelligences
    - linguistic, musical, interpresonal etc
    - small evidence base
      - no tests of his model
        does not take into account g factor
- Does intelligence matter?
  - DREARY ET AL.
    - general intelligence (11yr) predicted GCSE scores (16yrs)
  - CALVIN ET AL
    - greater intelligence associated with lower risk of death (24%
      - irrespective of S-E status
- IO tests only measure performance on IQ test
  - cultural bias
  - test-retest reliability
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
- emotion regulation: conscious and non conscious processes that balance emotions
  - strategies for emotion reguation
    - ADAPTIVE
      - reappraisal
        adopting positive/ neutral perspective on situation
        problem-solving
        consciously making efforts to change/ resolve situation
        acceptance
        non-judgemental acceptance of emotions
    - MALADAPTIVE
      - suppression
        avoidance
        rumination
        repeatedly focusing on emo experience, cause and outcomes
    - ER and psychopathology
      - meta analysis of 114 studies
        clinical and non-clinical samples
        anxiety
        depression
        substance related disorders
        ED's
        largest effect size
        medium effect size
        smallest effect size
        reappraisal (-); acceptance (NS)
        avoidance (+); suppression (+); problem-solving (-)
        rumination (+)
      - GOLEMAN
        EI linked to amygdala activity
        amygdala involved w FIGHT OR FLIGHT
        BAR-ON
        link w DARWINISM
        emo expresssion is important for:
        adaptation
        survival
        promotes:
        bonding
        mating
        protective factor
- Positive psychology
  - Broaden and Build Theory
    - FREDERIKSON
    - states that NEGATIVE EMOTIONS lead to specific behaviour tendencies
      - but POSITIVE EMOTIONS --> broaden thought-action process; build long term personal resources
- abiltiy to understand own and others' range of emotions
  - discern between the emotions, label them correctly
    - use emotional cues to guide thinking + behaviour
- CRITICISMS
  - lacking clarity
  - measurement standards
  - cultural diffs
- Treatment
  - CBT based
    - realising negative emotons are part of everyday life
      - Acceptance based treatment
        MINDFULNESS
        ACT : Acceptance and Commitment therapy
        response focused
    - emotion focused via REAPPRAISAL
GENETICS OF PERSONALITY & INTELLIGENCE
- WATSON
  - training ay child to become what he wanted of them
    - any child could be traned to be good at science or maths etc
  - NURTURE
  - PINKER
    - NATURE
    - role of genes and biology is most important - "brain is the seat of our drives"
      - "genes can't control behaviour directly...but brain is the seat of our drives"
- use TWIN AND ADOPTION STUDIES TO TEST
  - If genetics played biggest role: correlations should be 1 - but THEY ARENT!
    - MZ
    - if SHARED envrironment played bigest role: correlations should be 1 for BOTH MZ + DZ
      - if UNIQUE environment was imp: ZERO correlation for MZ + DZ
  - DZ
    - correlations shold be 50/50 (.50)
- WEIRD samples
  - western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic soceties studied in EXCESS
  - shared-environment effects: more imp in societies of poverty (aren't WEIRD sample)
- CRITICSISMS
  - MZ twins often treated as more alike than DZ - little indiv diffs + phenotypic similarities may not be due to genetics !
  - hard to replicate
  - low statistical power
- MISTRA: MINNESOTA twins reared apart study
NEUROSCIENCE OF PERSONALITY & INTELLIGENCE
B.F. SKINNER
- FREUD
  - BANDURA
    - CARL ROGERS
      - MILLER
        MASLOW
  - Founded PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
    - FREUD
      - Prior to Freud...
        Intellectuals thought of humans as rational creatures
        behaviour determined by:
        free will
        consciously seeking goals
        FRIEDRICH
        unconscious ideas = weaker ideas
        pushed from consciousness by stronger conscious ideas
        FREUD
        strongly disagreed w the commonly held ideas of:
        the unconscious being weaker than conscious
        humans being rational
        German philosopher
    - behaviours driven by UNCONSCIOUS forces - we have little access to / awareness of the unconscious
      - psychological ENERGY spent supressing / making socially acceptable our unconscious urges
        behaviour also shaped by childhood - difficult / impossible to change
        Theory of personality
        Levels of consciousness
        Conscious thought
        Material we are actively aware of; can access at any time
        example: as I write this I am actively aware of trying to think of an example of conscious thought, and 'what to write next' is my conscious thought at this moment. 
        Preconscious mind
        thoughts that are currently unconscious; can be accessed when required ; recalled into conscious mind
        example: what you ate for breakfast yesterday
        Unconscious mind
        unaware because: actively held in the unconscious due to unacceptable nature
        example: sexual urges or fantasies that are not sociallly acceptable
        Repression: process of keeping unwanted material in the unconscious - actively continuous process
        repressed material called dynamiccally unconscious
        made up of thoughts, memories, feelings, urges, or fantasies
        NO clear cut DISTINCTIONS between three levels
        rather, different LEVELS within each
        due to repression weakening - allowing previously unconsious material to surface to CONSCIOUSNESS
        dynamically unconscious material manifests as:
        DREAMS
        purpose = wish fulfilment to preserve sleep
        MANIFEST CONTENT
        description of dream as recalled by patient
        LATENT CONTENT
        analyst uncovers the true meaning behind manifest content
        patient will unconsciously censor aspects of dream they are uncomfortable with
        Freud stated that most of the censored aspects of dreams are sexual in nature - identified several DREA SYMBOLS that he interpreted as having sexual meaning.
        DREAM SYMBOLS
        snakes, knives : penis
        tooth extraction: castration fears
        SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS / PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE
        Uncharacteristic behaviour/ impulses under influence of DRUGS / ALCOHOL
        example: a usually shy individual becomes aggressive towards peers when udner influence of alcohol alcohol is a DISINHIBITOR- allows emergence of dynamically unconscious material
        Nature and motivation of human beings
        biggest Q of human nature concerns MOTIVATION of humans
        answer to this Q lies in the STRUCTURE and DEVELOPMENT of personality
        Freud: each human child born w fixed amount of MENTAL ENERGY
        LIBIDO
        during adulthood - libido becomes the SEXUAL DRIVE
        links to DARWINISM
        human motivation driven by need to satisfy these instinctual drives
        life-preserving drives
        hunger, pain
        prolong / restore life
        THANTOS: death instinct
        self-destruct instinct
        Structure of personality
        SUPER EGO
        EGO
        ID
        Conscious
        unconscious
        part of theory consists of:
        mental apparatus
        demonstrating three structures of personality
        order of formation
        id
        "I want it NOW!"
        ego
        "You can have it later!"  "You can have a,b,c instead!" - social  
        super ego
        "You cant have it"  "That way is wrong, obtain it in a diffrent way"
        composed of internalised parental attitdues/evaluations; moral judgements
        conscience of child
        all three structures in CONFLICT w each other
        ANXIETY
        as child develops, libido energy : id -> ego; planning, thinking, and organising part of personality; mediator
        operates on reality principle
        source of cravings, impulses, survival and sexual drives
        -Freud thought the id was only present at birth, which is why infants try to have their needs met directly.  -Infants have no sense of delayed gratification, the idea that if you wait patiently, your needs will be met. -id instinct for instant gratification remains with us for rest of our lives (eg. credit example)
        operates on pleasure principle
        Development of personality
        5 stages of PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
        FREUD concerned mainly with sexual drives
        ORAL
        birth-1yr
        pleasure from ero zone stimulation, even without food - ero zones linked w feeding
        cathexis - infant focuses libidinal energy on person caring for them and thus providing gratification - often mother - devlop sense of trust.  -needs not met / do not recieve enough oral stimulation from mother - develop sense of mistrust.
        mouth, lips, tongue
        fixation: internal resistance to transferring libidinal energy to new objects + activities
        smoking, excessive eating, chewing gum
        too attentive to oral needs = trusting, gullible, over dependent
        oral receptive
        not attentive enough = exploitative, sadistic
        oral aggressive
        ANAL
        18mnths-3yrs
        child's lower trunk gets more developed + parents' toilet training = satisfaction from bowel movement
        anus
        parent's approach should be: RELAXED + positive rewards; if not = fixation
        fixation: parent + child in interpresonal conflict due to toil training
        anal retentive: too harsh/early
        "constipated orientation"
        orderly, tidy, stubborn, delay gratification to latest moment
        anal expulsive: too liberal
        untidy, disorganised, disregard cleanliness rules
        PHALLIC
        3-5 yrs
        libidinal energy: anus -> genitals as child develops; source of pleasure gained from masturbation
        genitals
        GIrls realise they don't have same genitals as boys: PENIS ENVY
        ELECTRA COMPLEX
        identifies w mother to lesser degree: means EC is never fully resolved
        EC not fully resolved - results in girls having weaker EGO FUNCTIONING (dificult balanacing demands of id and reality). 
        not as detailed as OEDIPAL COMPLEX - illustrates FREUD'S disregard of women
        fixation - masc traits, lesbian
        boys respond to penis envy by thinking they will lose penis: CASTRATION ANXIETY
        relationship w parents changes: feelings for mother, fear of father - OEDIPAL COMPLEX
        son must IDENTIFY w father to resolve OC
        if EC not resolved = fixation in adult life
        promiscuity, feminine characteristics, gay
        FREUD: attributed homosexuality to unscuccessful same sex parental identification
        FREUD: basic adult personaity fully formed by age 5
        most important psychosexual stages are first three (oral, anal, phallic) --> foundations of personality laid by age 5
        LATENCY
        5-12 yrs
        RESTING PERIOD
        child busy using energy for social and learning purposes
        establishing friendships - identifying w same-sex peers
        learning about the world - develop defense mechanisms
        defense mechanisms help cope w the anxiety created by intrapsychic conflict of the id, ego, superego
        DEFENSE MECHANISMS
        serve to protect self-esteem
        used by everyone at some point; healthy; only becomes unhealthy if used inappropriately
        12
        repression, regression, denial, displacemnet, reaction formation, conversion reaction, rationalisation, isolation, phobic avoidance, projection, sublimation, undoing.
        REPRESSION
        MOROKOFF ('85)
        low sexual guilt
        high sexual guilt
        sig. less reported arousal
        after watching erotic vid: reported high arousal
        pushing unwanted feelings into UC
        in excess: become out of touch w emotions
        eg. if an indiv. refuses to acknowledge their feelngs of anger, this anger is repressed and gets pushed into our unconscious. This anger will accumulate over time until the indiv. explodes in a fit of anger - become out of touch with true feelings; honest adult relationships become hindered.
        DENIAL
        denying unpleasant events at the expense of the reality of situation
        eg. phantom limb after amputation; war-induced amnesia
        RATIONALISING
        giving POST-HOC reasons for an action in attempt to:
        eg. applying for job and being eager for it; then not getting chosen for the interview = "I didn't want that job anyway / that position wasn't up to my stadard anyway"
        JUSTIFY
        CONCEAL TRUE MEANING
        saves face-> protecting self-esteem
        ZZzzzz
        GENITAL
        12-18 onwards
        sexual energy/ libido is awakened during PUBERTY
        shift from same-sex peers to opposite-sex seuxal attraction
        if proper resoltion at PHALLIC stage did not occur: homosexual attractions
        if problems occurred at ORAL stage: lack of trust in romantic partners
        CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
        CATHARSIS
        physical expression of emotion; CRUCIAL element of psychoanalytic method of treatment
        the physical expression of emotion
        ABREACTION
        discharging emotions associated w their conflicts
        Freud later realised patients themselves need to understand the nature of their conflicts
        orignally thought to lead to cure
        transference
        counter-transference
        analyst gets regular supervision - undergoes own psychoanalytic session
        patient sits behind analyst; impersonal relationship
        FREE-ASSOCIATION
        gain access to UC
        all thoughts lead to UC material
        knowledge of therapy allows patients associations to be PSYCHOLOGICALLY RELEVANT
        unless they resist UC material from surfacing
        resistance minimised by RELAXATION: lying on couch
        STRENGTHS
        WEAKNESSES
        based on evidence from Freud's patients
        few cases published - anonymity
        STORR
        VAGUE concepts
        hard to emircally test theories
        little acknowledgement of SOCIAL factors
        why is behviour explained via sexual drives mainly?
        MODERN research: doesn't regard early childhood as playing important role in personality
        did not properly / fully annotate case studies
        VALIDITY?
        not ex. of GOOD QUALITATIVE DATA
        STORR
        provocative theories --> lots of research
        usually good descriptions of human behaviour
        defense mechanisms
        libido invested in SINGLE part of body
        EROGENOUS ZONES
        areas most sensitive to stimulation
        focus of pleasure
        gratification
        Freud paid little attn to SOCIAL factors - Reductionist
        unconscious urges stop us from truly knowing ourselves

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Descripción: Mapa Mental sobre PERSONALITY & INDIV. DIFFS, creado por Jada Khan el 28/04/2017.
Creado por: Jada Khan
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