ISOMERISM

ISOMERISM

1. These are compounds with the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in space.

2. Structural Isomerism

   • Chain isomerism
     • This is where the compounds have the same functional group but a different Carbon skeleton e.g. branches.
       • For example, Butane and methylpropane are chain isomers.
   • Position isomerism
     • The atoms or groups of atoms are attached to different Carbons of the Carbon skeleton.
       • For example, 2-chloropentane and 3-chloropentane
   • Functional isomerism
     • The same atoms are arranged into different functional group e.g. from an alkene to cycloalkane.
       • For example, hex-1-ene and cyclohexane.

3. Stereoisomerism I

   • E/Z isomerism
     • Due to restricted rotation around the double bond, the way in which the atoms are attached is important.
       • E-isomers occur when matching/the highest Mr atoms are attached across the double bond.
       • Z-isomers occur when matching/the highest Mr atoms are on the sqme side of the double bond.
   • Cis/trans isomerism
     • Occurs in complex ions and organic compounds. This is where the ligands in a complex ion are arranged in a certain way.
       • If matching ligands are right next to each other, it is cis.
       • If they are opposite each other, then it is trans.

4. Stereoisomerism II

   • Optical isomerism
     • This is when a compound can exist as 2 non-superimposable mirror images.
       • The compounds are usually called enantiomers.
     • This type of isomer can occur only if there is a chiral Carbon.
       • This means a Carbon joined to four different functional groups.
         • This can also be done with complex ions e.g. its ligands.

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