Bladder Cancer

Bladder Cancer

1. Anatomy of the bladder

   • Blood Supply
   • Histology

2. Sign and symptoms

   • Lower back pain on one side
   • Loss of appetite and weight loss
   • Being unable to urinate
   • Swelling in the feet
   • Hematuria
     • Etiology
       • Urologic
         • Urolithiasis
       • Nephrological
         • GN, SLE
       • Hematological
         • DIC
       • Miscellaneous
         • Exercise
     • Diagnosis depends on
       • History
       • Description

3. Renal & UT Benign tumors

   • Benign cortical adenoma
   • Angiomyolipoma

4. Renal & UT malignant tumors

   • Renal cell carcinoma
     • Clear
     • Chromophobe
   • Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s)
     • Blastema /stroma/ epthelial elements
   • Transitional cell carcinoma

5. Staging

6. Risk Factors

   • Personal or family history of cancer
   • Chronic bladder inflammation
   • Exposure to certain chemicals
   • Increasing age
   • Smoking

7. Investigations

   • Cytology
   • Culture sensitivity test
   • Prostate specific antigen
   • Imaging
     • IVP
     • Isotopic Bone Scan

8. Schistosomiasis

9. Management

   • Superficial
     • Endoscopic removal
   • Invasive disease
     • Cystectomy + Chemotherapy
   • Metastatic disease
     • Curative or palliative chemotherapy
   • urinary diversion surgery

10. Factors Affecting the prognosis

    • The stage
      • The size
    • The type
    • age and general health.

11. Epidemiology

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