Microbiology part 1

Microbiology part 1

1. Describe the structure of bacteria, fungi and viruses

   • Generalised Bacteria
     • • Nuclear Material carries bacterium genetic code
       • Flagellum helps bacteria to move
       • Cell Wall mantains the bacterium cell shape
       • Cell membrane controls entry and exit of materials
   • Generalised fungi
     • • Reproduction hyphae: digest and absorb surrounding material/mode of vegatative growth
       • Spores: Unit of asexual reproduction
       • sporagium: In which spores are formed
       • food source
   • Generalised virus
     • • protein coat
         • Shields the DNA from immune system
       • nuclear material
         • contains DNA and used to reproduce
       • attachment sile

2. Describe the feeding of bacteria, fungi and viruses

   • bacteria
     • they can eat:
       • sugar
       • starch
       • sunlight
       • sulfur
       • iron
     • some are photosynthetic
       • make their own food from sunlight
     • Extra Cellular Digestion
       • 1. Bacterium lands on the food
       • 2. Bacterium releases Digestive Enzymes
       • Enzymes break the food into small molecules
   • fungi
     • via extra cellular digestion
       • 1. Digestive Enzymes released onto food
       • 2. Enzymes break apart food into smaller components
         • protein
         • fats
         • carbohydrates
       • 3. Small nutrients molecules are absorbed back into fungi
       • 4. provide energy via respiration
   • viruses
     • Viruses do not feed

3. Describe the reproduction of bacteria, fungi and viruses

   • Bacteria
     • Binary Fission
       • 1. Bacteria replicates it's DNA via Mitosis
         • Parent cell copies it's DNA and creates another copy
           • Cell splits and two daughter cells are formed
       • 2. The Cell Membrane pushes inwards to make two cells
       • 3. Two Identical Bacteria are formed
   • Fungi
     • Yeast- Simple Budding
       • Asexual Reproduction
       • 1. outgrowth due to repeated cell division
         • 2. Buds grow in tiny particles
           • 3. Once Mature splits from parent and becomes an individual body
     • 1. Sporangium full of spores
       • 2. Spores burst out of sporangium
         • 3. Carried by Wind
           • 4. Hyphae sprouts from spores
             • 5. Sporangium begins to grow out of hyphae
               • 6. Spores develop in sporangium- cycle repeats
   • Viruses
     • Lytic
       • 1. The virus attaches to bacteria (host)
         • 2. The virus inserts it DNA into the bacteria
           • 3.The virus takes over cell machinery
             • 4. The virus reproduces itself and self assembles The host cell is destroyed
               • copied from biology.kenyon.edu
     • Lysogenic
       • absence of pathology
       • within particular circumstances lifestyle capable of swapping to lytic
       • virus- this stage harsh conditions
       • prophage
       • 1. The virus binds to bacteria (host)
         • 2. The virus inserts its bacteria into the bacteria
           • 3. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the cell's chromosomes
             • 4. Viral DNA is replicate along with Chromosome material
               • copied from biology,kenyon,edu

4. Describe microbes that are helpful and harmful

   • Fungi
     • Helpful
       • Antibiotics e.g Pencillin
         • Food e.g mushrooms, truffles
           • Bread Production - Yeast
             • Alcohol Production- fermentation
               • Used in cheese- moulds
                 • Decomposer- help break down rubbish
     • Harmful
       • infections e.g athletes foot, ring worm, thrush
         • Damage food crops e.g potato blight
           • Turn food bag e.g mould
             • Can be poisonous to eat e.g moulds
   • Bacteria
     • harmful
       • feed on our food - expires
         • feed on dead plant and animal- saprophytes
       • parasites- reside on living organisms
         • some release toxins
           • toxins makes them pathogens
             • bacteria that can cause diseases
               • SARS
               • Syphilis
               • Typhoid Fever
               • Cholera
     • helpful
       • Recycling of nutrients
       • treatment of sewage
       • digestion of cellulose
       • production of cheese and yoghurt
   • Viruses
     • helpful
       • cowpox
         • immune to small pox
     • vaccinia Virus- 1796
       • Dr Edward Jenners invents vaccination

5. List some diseases caused be microbes

   • Bacteria
     • Sars
     • Tuberculosis
     • Syphilis
     • Typhoid Fever
     • Cholera
     • Scarlet Fever
     • Anthrax
     • Plague
     • Tetanus
     • 138 Bacterial Diseases
   • Virus
     • Leprosy
     • cold sore
     • HIV
     • Influenza
     • Chickenpox
     • small pox
     • Ebola
     • Measles
     • Rabies
   • Fungi
     • Aspergellosis
     • Blastomycosis
     • Candidiasis
     • Histoplasmosis
     • Ringworm
     • Murcomycosis

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