Biological molecules

Biological molecules

1. Molecules found in living cells

2. Metabolism:

   • All chemical reactions in cells of an organism
     • Respiration, synthesising proteins from amino acids
   • Two types of Metabolism:
     • Catabolism: Breaking down of molecules
     • Anabolism: Building up of large molecules

3. Made up of 4 KEY elements:

   • CARBON (C)
     • Carbon Valency: 4
   • NITROGEN (N)
     • Nitrogen Valency: 3
   • OXYGEN (O)
     • Oxygen Valency : 2
   • HYDROGEN (H)
     • Hydrogen Valency: 1
   • VALENCY: Amount of chemical bonds an element can form

4. Can ALSO include:

   • Sodium (Na+)
   • Poatssium (K+)
   • Calcium (Ca2+)
   • Iron (Fe2+)
   • Magnesium (Mg2+)
   • Chloride (Cl-)
   • Sulphur (S)
   • Phosphate (P)
   • ALL found in biological in TRACE amounts

5. Your body

   • Systems
     • Organs
       • Tissues
         • Cells
           • Proteins
             • Carbohydrates
               • Lipids/Fats
                 • Nucleic acids
                   • All come from food & macromolecules
                     • Macromolecules are made up of repeated smaller units
                       • Smaller units: monomers
               • 3 types of CARBOHYDRATES
                 • Monosaccharide: simple sugars with general formula (CH2O)n
                   • GLUCOSE
                     • Abundant & very important monosacc
                       • Contains 6 CARBON atoms- HEXOSE sugar
                         • Genreal formula for HEXOSE sugars: C6H1206 e.g. Fructose, Glucose, Galactose
                     • Main ENERGY source for most cells
                       • Highly SOLUBLE
                     • Main form in which Carbs are TRANSPORTED around body of animals
                     • Glucose in diff forms are called STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
                       • ALPHA GLUCOSE
                       • BETA GLUCOSE
                         • Can be found in cellulose (plant cells)
                   • Other monomers: Fructose & Galactose
                     • FRUCTOSE
                       • SOLUBLE & main sugar in fruits & nectar
                       • Sweeter than Glucose
                       • HEXOSE sugar. C6H1206
                     • GALACTOSE
                       • Disaccharide found in lactose
                         • Lactose found in milk (sugar in milk).
                           • HEXOSE sugar C6H1206
                 • Disaccharides: 'Double sugars' formed from 2 monosaccs
                 • Polysaccharide: Large molecules formed from monosaccs joined together.
               • Group of structural material in organisms

6. ORGANIC

   • Contains Carbon (C) & is found in living things EXCEPT Carbon dioxide (CO2) & Bicarbonate ions (HCO-3)

7. PENTOSE

   • Sugars that contain 5 carbon atoms
     • Found in DNA & RNA
     • Oxyribose & Deoxyribose

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