Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive Heart Failure

1. Types

   • Direction
     • Forward
     • Backward
   • Amount of CO
     • High output
     • Low output
   • Resulting problem
     • Systolic
     • Diastolic
   • Side
     • Right-sided
       • Complications
         • Liver
           • Liver Congestion
           • Cardiac sclerosis
         • Kidneys
           • Severe azotemia
         • Impaired Portal System of Drainage
           • Congestive splenomegaly
           • Acute gastritis
           • Ascitis
         • Oedema and Anasarca
         • Increased venous pressure
       • Causes
         • Left-sided failure
         • cor pulmonale
         • Constrictive pericarditis
     • Left-sided
       • Complications
         • Heart
           • LVH
           • Atrial fibrillation
         • Lungs
           • Pulmonary congestion
         • Kidneys
           • Hemosiderin-containing macrophages
           • Pulmonary congestion
         • Brain
           • Hypoxic encephalopathy
       • Symptoms
         • Dyspnea
         • Cough
         • Crackles
         • Hypertension
         • Irritability
         • Lack of concentration
       • Causes
         • Ischemic heart disease
         • Dilated/ restrictive cardiomyopathy

2. Causes

   • Loss of the continuity of the circulatory system
   • Disorders of cardiac conduction
   • A valvular lesion
   • Failure of the pump

3. Stages

4. Investigation

   • Chest X-Ray
   • ECG
   • Echocardiogram

5. Management

   • Pharmacological
     • ACEIs
     • ARBs
     • Aldosterone antagonists
     • β-Blockers
     • Digoxin
     • Diuretics
     • Vasodilators
   • Non-pharmacological
     • Device therapy
       • Cardiac resynchronization therapy
       • Implantable cardioverter defibrillators
       • Left ventricular assist devices
     • Lifestyle modifications
       • Sodium restriction
       • Aerobic exercise
       • Low- calorie intake

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