Short Term Memory Impairment

Short Term Memory Impairment

1. Short-term memory and Long-term memory

   • Differences
     • STM
       • It works as a kind of scratchpad fortemporary recall of limited number of data from the sensory register and ready to be processed through attention and recognition
       • Working Memory
         • Indicates cognitive operations and executive functions associated with the organization and manipulation of stored information
           • Constantly use
           • associate4d with several developmental disorders
           • Operating system
       • Sensory Memory
         • Are shorter in duration (fraction of a second) than STM and reflect the originalñ sensation, or perception,of the stimulus (acoustical echoic and iconic visual memories)
       • indicates different systems of memory involved in the retention of pieces of information (memory chunks) fora relatively short time (up to 30secs)
       • Several subsystems ( sensorial- associateed subsystems)
     • LTM may hold an indefinite amount of information
       • Memories for the performance of actions or skills and memories of facts, rules concepts and events. Knowing how and Knowing that
       • Hippocampal network
         • Retrieval leads to the creation of connections
         • Spatial memory organization
   • Atkinson and Shiffrin model (1960)
   • Storage of memories
     • Number of memories
       • Chunking
     • Quality of memory
       • Chunking
         • Encoding
           • storage
             • retrieval
           • Steps
             • Visual
             • Acustic
             • Semantic encoding

2. Ethiology

   • Clinical conditions may damage STM. Systemic infections, thyrod diseases, surgery, neuroinflammation, psychiatric diseases or psychological ,violence exposure in childhood are also involved in STM affections
     • Neurodegenerative condictions are paramount causes of memory impairment
     • Use of alcohol and drug abuse
     • Electroconvulsive therapy, medicationhs, are other causes of memory impairment

3. Epidemiology

   • Neurodegenerative diseases; Ad, PD, Huntingyon disease

4. Pathophysiology

   • Amnestio Syndrome
     • Anterograde amnesia
     • Retrogade amnesia
   • Neural correlates for STM domains and damages
     • All areas are involved and depending on the area is the affection

5. History and Physical

   • Fixation amnesia
   • Dementia
   • In most cases memories can be recovered for instance trough psychological interventions, if amnesia lasted a long time the recovery is not possibvle and the subject projects into a new life

6. Evaluation

   • Verbal component investigation
   • Simple Span Task Approach
   • AutomatedWorking Mamory Assesment
   • Workingf Memory Test Battery for Children
   • Memory evaluation and cognitive decline
     • MMSE
       • MoCA
         • Short-Term Memory Recall Test
           • TALSA
             • CVLT-3
     • Instrumental investigations (MRI or CT scan)
       • Laboratory examinations

7. Treatment/Management

   • Bahavioral approaches
     • Tai Chi movements and breathing
   • Prescribed drugs
   • Cognitive training
     • Rymes and memory games

8. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

   • Patient-centered treatments through the involvement of several health professionals
   • Specialty-traiuned psychological nurses
   • physicians
   • Neuropsychologist
   • Doctors
   • Psychologists
   • Teammost be able to
     • Perform a carefulneuropsychological assessment
     • collect info to make different diagnoses
     • select apropriate strategy
     • managecommunicationforiomproving patient compliance and treatment adherence
     • support patient ad family
     • adopt the more appropiate psychologicalstrategy
     • perform behavioral programs
     • design programs of physical activity
     • evaluate outcomes